{
  "schema_version": "1.3",
  "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/explorer/?mechanisms=M-0016,M-0013&cols=claims,hardware",
  "data_generated": "2026-10-09",
  "definitions": {
    "methodology": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/methodology/",
    "readiness": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/readiness/",
    "filters": [
      {
        "id": "prover",
        "label": "Prover",
        "question": "How far can the party being checked be trusted?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "cooperative",
            "label": "Cooperative"
          },
          {
            "value": "semi-trusted",
            "label": "Semi-trusted"
          },
          {
            "value": "adversarial",
            "label": "Adversarial"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose threat model holds against at least this prover. Adversarial is the strongest assumption.",
        "about": "The prover is the party being checked. Semi-trusted designs rely on part of its stack: usually the chip vendor's hardware root of trust, its firmware or counters, or its supply-chain records. Adversarial designs aim to hold even if it cheats wherever the checks allow, within their stated assumptions."
      },
      {
        "id": "onsite",
        "label": "Verifier devices on site",
        "question": "May the verifier install its own hardware at the prover's sites?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "no",
            "label": "Not allowed"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Not allowed\" removes mechanisms that need a retrofit device, such as a network tap or a sealed sensor.",
        "about": "Some mechanisms need a device the verifier owns or trusts at the prover's facility, such as a network tap, a bandwidth limiter or a sealed sensor. Choose Not allowed when the setting rules that out. Inspectors are not covered."
      },
      {
        "id": "coop",
        "label": "Prover cooperation",
        "question": "How much must the prover take part?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "partial",
            "label": "Partial at most"
          },
          {
            "value": "none",
            "label": "Not required"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Partial at most\" removes mechanisms that need the prover's active participation. \"Not required\" keeps only those that work without it.",
        "about": "Required: the prover takes part, for example by logging requests, producing proofs or opening records. Partial: some access, such as installing a device. Not required: works from outside, such as satellite imagery."
      },
      {
        "id": "chips",
        "label": "Chips",
        "question": "May the proposal depend on new chip designs?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "existing",
            "label": "Existing chips only"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Existing chips only\" removes mechanisms that need changes to future chip designs.",
        "about": "New chip features take years to reach a deployed fleet and cover only chips made after they ship. Mechanisms that use shipping features, such as trusted execution environments or performance counters, stay."
      },
      {
        "id": "ready",
        "label": "Minimum development status",
        "question": "Development status",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "R1",
            "label": "Proposed"
          },
          {
            "value": "R2",
            "label": "Research demonstration"
          },
          {
            "value": "R3",
            "label": "Operational use"
          },
          {
            "value": "R4",
            "label": "Legacy independent-evaluation filter",
            "legacy": true
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose readiness level is at least this one.",
        "about": "A level describes the public evidence for a mechanism's stated use, not its cost or feasibility. R3 can still have open critical flaws."
      },
      {
        "id": "tested",
        "label": "Attack testing",
        "question": "How hard has each mechanism been attacked in public?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "analysis",
            "label": "Published analysis"
          },
          {
            "value": "red-teamed",
            "label": "Red-teamed"
          },
          {
            "value": "independent-red-team",
            "label": "Independent red-team"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose strongest published attack testing is at least this.",
        "about": "The strongest published attempt to break the mechanism for its verification use: a security analysis, red-teaming by its developers or collaborators, or a red team independent of them."
      },
      {
        "id": "hide",
        "label": "Keep hidden from the verifier",
        "question": "What must the verifier never see?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "weights",
            "label": "Model weights"
          },
          {
            "value": "io",
            "label": "Inputs and outputs"
          },
          {
            "value": "training",
            "label": "Training data"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Removes mechanisms that show the asset to the verifier. Conditional or unspecified exposure stays with a note and needs checking against the privacy requirement.",
        "about": "Model weights: the checked model's parameters. Inputs and outputs: the requests a deployed model serves and its responses. Training data: what a model was trained on. Each mechanism's exposure is the editors' reading of its record: shown, depends on the design (kept, with a note), hidden, not involved, or unspecified for a selected implementation. Code and configuration are not covered yet."
      }
    ],
    "exposure": "For model weights, inputs and outputs, and training data. This is the editors' reading of each mechanism's record (its threat model, how it works and its limitations), not a field of the record. Shown: the verifier sees it. Depends: on the design or variant, or the verifier sees only samples. Hidden: the verifier sees only commitments, hashes, proofs or results. Not involved: the record does not handle it. Unspecified: the selected implementation has no asset-specific assessment here.",
    "claim_status": {
      "addressed": "A mechanism in the proposal is aimed at this claim and is not excluded by the filters.",
      "partly-addressed": "Only supporting mechanisms, or mechanisms aimed at it that the filters exclude.",
      "unaddressed": "No mechanism in the proposal addresses this claim."
    },
    "finding_classification": {
      "failure": {
        "label": "Known failures",
        "singular": "Known failure",
        "anchor": "known-flaws"
      },
      "scope-limitation": {
        "label": "Scope limitations",
        "singular": "Scope limitation",
        "anchor": "scope-limitations"
      },
      "open-question": {
        "label": "Open questions",
        "singular": "Open question",
        "anchor": "open-questions"
      }
    },
    "finding_scope": "Evidence scope describes where a finding was demonstrated; it does not establish applicability to every implementation in the mechanism family.",
    "claim_finding_scope": "open_critical_findings names active failures on the assessed records; open_critical_context names conditional family failures whose implementation applicability is unassessed.",
    "legacy_status": "The status field retains covered/partial/none for compatibility. It names claim links, never successful verification. Use claim_status and status_label for presentation."
  },
  "filters": {
    "prover": "",
    "onsite": "",
    "coop": "",
    "chips": "",
    "ready": "",
    "tested": "",
    "hide": []
  },
  "mechanisms_passing_filters": 25,
  "claims": [],
  "mechanisms": [
    {
      "id": "M-0016",
      "title": "Timed challenge-response and memory-occupation challenges",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/timed-challenge-response/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0016",
        "title": "Timed challenge-response and memory-occupation challenges",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/timed-challenge-response/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 2,
        "scope_limitation": 0,
        "open_question": 1,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R2",
        "scope": "detecting whether a GPU is doing other work",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0018",
          "S-0067",
          "S-0033",
          "S-1306",
          "S-1307",
          "S-1607",
          "S-1304",
          "S-0032"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R2",
        "label": "Research demonstration",
        "short": "Research demo",
        "rank": 2,
        "legacy_code": "R2"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "disputed",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1308",
              "S-0074"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0018"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "none",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "none",
        "io": "none",
        "training": "none",
        "note": "Uses verifier-chosen challenges; it does not handle model data."
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0013",
      "title": "Network taps and certifiers",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/network-taps-and-certifiers/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0013",
        "title": "Network taps and certifiers",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/network-taps-and-certifiers/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 3,
        "scope_limitation": 3,
        "open_question": 0,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R1",
        "scope": "committing a complete record of cluster traffic, so declared inference can be checked",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-1300",
          "S-0031",
          "S-0018",
          "S-0067",
          "S-1312",
          "S-1007",
          "S-1319",
          "S-1320"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300",
              "S-1507"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1312"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 6,
            "severity": "minor",
            "status": "mitigated",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "retrofit-device",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "partial",
        "io": "partial",
        "training": "partial",
        "note": "Only hashes leave the site; records picked for a challenge are opened for replay at a verification facility."
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    }
  ],
  "strengths": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [],
    "operationalUse": [],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0016",
      "M-0013"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0016"
    ],
    "mitigated": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 6,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Verifier dictionary attacks on hashes",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "mitigated",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Hashes of very short outputs could be brute-forced by the verifier. The paper recommends hashing at least 5 tokens together, or at least 10 if the attacker filters for likely tokens.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1300"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "properties": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [],
    "operationalUse": [],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0016",
      "M-0013"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0016"
    ],
    "mitigated": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 6,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Verifier dictionary attacks on hashes",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "mitigated",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Hashes of very short outputs could be brute-forced by the verifier. The paper recommends hashing at least 5 tokens together, or at least 10 if the attacker filters for likely tokens.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1300"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "attack_testing": [
    {
      "id": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0013",
      "record": "M-0013",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    }
  ],
  "selected_implementations": {},
  "weaknesses": {
    "gaps": [],
    "excluded": [],
    "unlinked": [],
    "critical": [],
    "significant": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Remote memory narrows the timing margin",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Data-centre remote memory access returns in about 1–2 µs, against about 70–200 ns for local DRAM. The MIRI overview says verification of memory saturation depends on ruling out remote access by latency or physical disconnection. It names pre-staging data into local memory as the remaining evasion and proposes an unpredictable, capacity-filling challenge to close it.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0014",
            "how": "Physical disconnection is proposed to exclude remote memory between the separated groups during a challenge. It depends on the isolation boundary being enforced."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Output nondeterminism leaves covert capacity",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Hashing cannot remove information hidden in the outputs themselves. The Secure Gateway Device paper estimates that about 0.1 bit per token remains even with seed-synchronized replay checks. For a 200k-GPU inference cluster at full load (2,000 tokens per GPU per second), that is about 40 Mbit/s of covert egress, enough to move a 1 TB model in under three days. The paper names this the core remaining challenge and points to deterministic replay or active scrubbing of hardware-induced entropy. An independent study found that an adversary who chooses the prompts roughly doubles the bits leaked per token under Gumbel-based inference verification; see Bounding unexplained information in outputs.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1300",
          "S-1507"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0002",
            "how": "Deterministic replay is one of the two remedies the flaw's source names."
          },
          {
            "by": "M-0024",
            "how": "Bounds the hidden information outputs can carry by measuring what the declared computation fails to predict."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Residual side channels in simple passive setups",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Amodo's analysis of its own tapped prototype lists unvalidated header fields, timing of permitted traffic and variation in response formatting as residual channels, and concludes that the passive tap must be replaced by an active one.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1312"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "criticalMechanisms": [],
    "significantMechanisms": [
      "M-0016",
      "M-0013"
    ],
    "familyContext": [],
    "scopeLimitations": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Some links cannot be passively tapped",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Cankaya notes that copper-connected scale-up domains (for example NVL72 racks and TPU v7 cubes) are much harder to tap than fibre, and that optical budgets make passive taps impractical on 400GBASE-SR8 multimode links. Amodo found no taps advertised for 53 GBaud links as of May 2026.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0031",
          "S-1310"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Encrypted fabrics hide plaintext from both parties",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Cankaya notes that with TEE-protected sessions whose keys are ephemeral and managed inside the TEE, neither the operator nor the manufacturer can recover session keys after the session, so tapped traffic could not be opened for recomputation. For other encrypted fabrics, the operator can retain keys.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0031"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0013",
        "n": 5,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Completeness rests on physical monitoring left out of scope",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The Secure Gateway Device paper assumes the facility is physically monitored, and states that the whole architecture depends on the device being the only communication channel. It names radio emanation, power-line signalling and thermal channels as covert channels beyond that scope.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1300"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0022",
            "how": "Addresses the radio, power-line and thermal channels that network-level designs leave out."
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "openQuestions": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Error rates not quantified",
        "classification": "open-question",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Monfared et al. show separable timing distributions. Their acceptance rule passes a GPU when its mean time per round stays at or below a chosen maximum, and an appendix outlines statistical tests for the proof-of-work puzzle. They leave hardware-specific threshold values to future work and report no false-positive or false-negative rates.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0033"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "minor": 0,
    "minorFindings": [],
    "minorBy": [],
    "notDemonstrated": [
      "M-0013"
    ],
    "newChip": []
  },
  "findings": [
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Timing-based software attestation has been broken in practice",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "disputed",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Castelluccia et al. implemented two generic attacks, one based on a return-oriented rootkit and one on code compression, together with specific attacks on SWATT and ICE-based schemes, on commodity sensor nodes. They conclude that secure time-based attestation is \"very difficult, if not impossible, to design correctly\". The attacks target embedded schemes, not AI accelerators.",
      "response": "Perrig and van Doorn, two of the designers of SWATT and ICE, replied in August 2010. They argue that the rootkit attack defeats a naive implementation, not a property the schemes claim, and that the SWATT attack was run on a re-implementation on a chip with eight times the program memory, where SWATT's own chip is almost always full of code. They accept that the attack on ICE works.",
      "sources": [
        "S-1308",
        "S-0074"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Remote memory narrows the timing margin",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Data-centre remote memory access returns in about 1–2 µs, against about 70–200 ns for local DRAM. The MIRI overview says verification of memory saturation depends on ruling out remote access by latency or physical disconnection. It names pre-staging data into local memory as the remaining evasion and proposes an unpredictable, capacity-filling challenge to close it.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0018"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0014",
          "how": "Physical disconnection is proposed to exclude remote memory between the separated groups during a challenge. It depends on the isolation boundary being enforced."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Error rates not quantified",
      "classification": "open-question",
      "kind": "open-question",
      "severity": "minor",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Monfared et al. show separable timing distributions. Their acceptance rule passes a GPU when its mean time per round stays at or below a chosen maximum, and an appendix outlines statistical tests for the proof-of-work puzzle. They leave hardware-specific threshold values to future work and report no false-positive or false-negative rates.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0033"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0013",
      "record": "M-0013",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Output nondeterminism leaves covert capacity",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Hashing cannot remove information hidden in the outputs themselves. The Secure Gateway Device paper estimates that about 0.1 bit per token remains even with seed-synchronized replay checks. For a 200k-GPU inference cluster at full load (2,000 tokens per GPU per second), that is about 40 Mbit/s of covert egress, enough to move a 1 TB model in under three days. The paper names this the core remaining challenge and points to deterministic replay or active scrubbing of hardware-induced entropy. An independent study found that an adversary who chooses the prompts roughly doubles the bits leaked per token under Gumbel-based inference verification; see Bounding unexplained information in outputs.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1300",
        "S-1507"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0002",
          "how": "Deterministic replay is one of the two remedies the flaw's source names."
        },
        {
          "by": "M-0024",
          "how": "Bounds the hidden information outputs can carry by measuring what the declared computation fails to predict."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0013",
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        {
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      "id": "S-0018",
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      "url": "https://intelligence.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/A-system-overview-for-near-term-low-trust-AI-compute-verification.pdf",
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    {
      "id": "S-0067",
      "title": "Verification Plan",
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      "url": "https://ai-2040.com/supplements/verification-plan",
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    {
      "id": "S-0033",
      "title": "Timing and Memory Telemetry on GPUs for AI Governance",
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      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09369",
      "path": "/sources/monfared-timing-memory-telemetry-gpus/"
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    {
      "id": "S-1306",
      "title": "SAGE: Software-based Attestation for GPU Execution",
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      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc23/presentation/ivanov",
      "path": "/sources/ivanov-sage-gpu-attestation/"
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    {
      "id": "S-1307",
      "title": "SWATT: SoftWare-based ATTestation for Embedded Devices",
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      "year": 2004,
      "url": "https://netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/swatt.pdf",
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    },
    {
      "id": "S-1607",
      "title": "Proofs of Space",
      "authors": "S. Dziembowski et al.",
      "year": 2015,
      "url": "https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/796",
      "path": "/sources/dziembowski-proofs-of-space/"
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    {
      "id": "S-1304",
      "title": "Secure Code Update for Embedded Devices via Proofs of Secure Erasure",
      "authors": "D. Perito & G. Tsudik",
      "year": 2010,
      "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-15497-3_39",
      "path": "/sources/perito-proofs-of-secure-erasure/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0032",
      "title": "Software-Based Memory Erasure with Relaxed Isolation Requirements",
      "authors": "S. Bursuc et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10664348/",
      "path": "/sources/bursuc-software-based-memory-erasure/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1308",
      "title": "On the Difficulty of Software-Based Attestation of Embedded Devices",
      "authors": "C. Castelluccia et al.",
      "year": 2009,
      "url": "https://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/ccs09_Castelluccia.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/castelluccia-difficulty-software-based-attestation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0074",
      "title": "Refutation of \"On the Difficulty of Software-Based Attestation of Embedded Devices\"",
      "authors": "A. Perrig & L. van Doorn",
      "year": 2010,
      "url": "https://netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/perrig-ccs-refutation.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/perrig-refutation-software-based-attestation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1300",
      "title": "Fingerprinting All AI Cluster I/O Without Mutually Trusted Processors",
      "authors": "N. Cankaya et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.10724",
      "path": "/sources/cankaya-fingerprinting-ai-cluster-io/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0031",
      "title": "The Fundamentals and Feasibility of Secure Network Taps for Verifying AI Datacenter Use",
      "authors": "N. Cankaya",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://nacicankaya.substack.com/p/research-note-the-fundamentals-and",
      "path": "/sources/cankaya-secure-network-taps/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1312",
      "title": "Fitting a Network TAP to our Inference Verification Prototype",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-09-15-network-tap-inference-verification/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-network-tap-inference-verification-prototype/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1007",
      "title": "Amodo-Design/Inference-Recomputation-Prototype (GitHub repository)",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://github.com/Amodo-Design/Inference-Recomputation-Prototype",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-inference-recomputation-prototype-code/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1319",
      "title": "inference-verification: Inference Verification Prototype",
      "authors": "Singapore AI Safety Hub (SASH)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://github.com/sg-ai-safety-hub/inference-verification",
      "path": "/sources/sash-inference-verification-repo/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1320",
      "title": "Internationalising AI Verification",
      "authors": "Singapore AI Safety Hub (SASH)",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://www.aisafety.sg/research/internationalising-ai-verification",
      "path": "/sources/sash-internationalising-ai-verification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1507",
      "title": "Adversarial Entropy Inflation Against Gumbel-Based Inference Verification",
      "authors": "N. Kezins",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23375",
      "path": "/sources/kezins-adversarial-entropy-inflation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1310",
      "title": "Network Tapping for AI Verification: A Technical Assessment",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-05-03-network-tapping/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-network-tapping-technical-assessment/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1311",
      "title": "Network Traffic Hashing",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-07-03-network-traffic-hashing/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-network-traffic-hashing/"
    }
  ]
}