{
  "schema_version": "1.3",
  "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/explorer/?mechanisms=M-0001,M-0016,M-0014&hide=io",
  "data_generated": "2026-10-09",
  "definitions": {
    "methodology": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/methodology/",
    "readiness": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/readiness/",
    "filters": [
      {
        "id": "prover",
        "label": "Prover",
        "question": "How far can the party being checked be trusted?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "cooperative",
            "label": "Cooperative"
          },
          {
            "value": "semi-trusted",
            "label": "Semi-trusted"
          },
          {
            "value": "adversarial",
            "label": "Adversarial"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose threat model holds against at least this prover. Adversarial is the strongest assumption.",
        "about": "The prover is the party being checked. Semi-trusted designs rely on part of its stack: usually the chip vendor's hardware root of trust, its firmware or counters, or its supply-chain records. Adversarial designs aim to hold even if it cheats wherever the checks allow, within their stated assumptions."
      },
      {
        "id": "onsite",
        "label": "Verifier devices on site",
        "question": "May the verifier install its own hardware at the prover's sites?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "no",
            "label": "Not allowed"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Not allowed\" removes mechanisms that need a retrofit device, such as a network tap or a sealed sensor.",
        "about": "Some mechanisms need a device the verifier owns or trusts at the prover's facility, such as a network tap, a bandwidth limiter or a sealed sensor. Choose Not allowed when the setting rules that out. Inspectors are not covered."
      },
      {
        "id": "coop",
        "label": "Prover cooperation",
        "question": "How much must the prover take part?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "partial",
            "label": "Partial at most"
          },
          {
            "value": "none",
            "label": "Not required"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Partial at most\" removes mechanisms that need the prover's active participation. \"Not required\" keeps only those that work without it.",
        "about": "Required: the prover takes part, for example by logging requests, producing proofs or opening records. Partial: some access, such as installing a device. Not required: works from outside, such as satellite imagery."
      },
      {
        "id": "chips",
        "label": "Chips",
        "question": "May the proposal depend on new chip designs?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "existing",
            "label": "Existing chips only"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Existing chips only\" removes mechanisms that need changes to future chip designs.",
        "about": "New chip features take years to reach a deployed fleet and cover only chips made after they ship. Mechanisms that use shipping features, such as trusted execution environments or performance counters, stay."
      },
      {
        "id": "ready",
        "label": "Minimum development status",
        "question": "Development status",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "R1",
            "label": "Proposed"
          },
          {
            "value": "R2",
            "label": "Research demonstration"
          },
          {
            "value": "R3",
            "label": "Operational use"
          },
          {
            "value": "R4",
            "label": "Legacy independent-evaluation filter",
            "legacy": true
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose readiness level is at least this one.",
        "about": "A level describes the public evidence for a mechanism's stated use, not its cost or feasibility. R3 can still have open critical flaws."
      },
      {
        "id": "tested",
        "label": "Attack testing",
        "question": "How hard has each mechanism been attacked in public?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "analysis",
            "label": "Published analysis"
          },
          {
            "value": "red-teamed",
            "label": "Red-teamed"
          },
          {
            "value": "independent-red-team",
            "label": "Independent red-team"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose strongest published attack testing is at least this.",
        "about": "The strongest published attempt to break the mechanism for its verification use: a security analysis, red-teaming by its developers or collaborators, or a red team independent of them."
      },
      {
        "id": "hide",
        "label": "Keep hidden from the verifier",
        "question": "What must the verifier never see?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "weights",
            "label": "Model weights"
          },
          {
            "value": "io",
            "label": "Inputs and outputs"
          },
          {
            "value": "training",
            "label": "Training data"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Removes mechanisms that show the asset to the verifier. Conditional or unspecified exposure stays with a note and needs checking against the privacy requirement.",
        "about": "Model weights: the checked model's parameters. Inputs and outputs: the requests a deployed model serves and its responses. Training data: what a model was trained on. Each mechanism's exposure is the editors' reading of its record: shown, depends on the design (kept, with a note), hidden, not involved, or unspecified for a selected implementation. Code and configuration are not covered yet."
      }
    ],
    "exposure": "For model weights, inputs and outputs, and training data. This is the editors' reading of each mechanism's record (its threat model, how it works and its limitations), not a field of the record. Shown: the verifier sees it. Depends: on the design or variant, or the verifier sees only samples. Hidden: the verifier sees only commitments, hashes, proofs or results. Not involved: the record does not handle it. Unspecified: the selected implementation has no asset-specific assessment here.",
    "claim_status": {
      "addressed": "A mechanism in the proposal is aimed at this claim and is not excluded by the filters.",
      "partly-addressed": "Only supporting mechanisms, or mechanisms aimed at it that the filters exclude.",
      "unaddressed": "No mechanism in the proposal addresses this claim."
    },
    "finding_classification": {
      "failure": {
        "label": "Known failures",
        "singular": "Known failure",
        "anchor": "known-flaws"
      },
      "scope-limitation": {
        "label": "Scope limitations",
        "singular": "Scope limitation",
        "anchor": "scope-limitations"
      },
      "open-question": {
        "label": "Open questions",
        "singular": "Open question",
        "anchor": "open-questions"
      }
    },
    "finding_scope": "Evidence scope describes where a finding was demonstrated; it does not establish applicability to every implementation in the mechanism family.",
    "claim_finding_scope": "open_critical_findings names active failures on the assessed records; open_critical_context names conditional family failures whose implementation applicability is unassessed.",
    "legacy_status": "The status field retains covered/partial/none for compatibility. It names claim links, never successful verification. Use claim_status and status_label for presentation."
  },
  "filters": {
    "prover": "",
    "onsite": "",
    "coop": "",
    "chips": "",
    "ready": "",
    "tested": "",
    "hide": [
      "io"
    ]
  },
  "mechanisms_passing_filters": 24,
  "claims": [],
  "mechanisms": [
    {
      "id": "M-0001",
      "title": "Sampled inference recomputation",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/sampled-inference-recomputation/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0001",
        "title": "Sampled inference recomputation",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/sampled-inference-recomputation/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 3,
        "scope_limitation": 1,
        "open_question": 0,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 1
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R3",
        "scope": "checking untrusted workers' activations against the declared model, prompt and precision",
        "confidence": "low",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0015",
          "S-0016",
          "S-1000",
          "S-1001",
          "S-1003",
          "S-1005",
          "S-1006",
          "S-1008",
          "S-1507",
          "S-3000",
          "S-3001"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R3",
        "label": "Operational use",
        "short": "Operational use",
        "rank": 3,
        "legacy_code": "R3"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0020",
              "S-0015",
              "S-1507"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1000",
              "S-0016"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "minor",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0016"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 1
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "none",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "partial",
        "io": "partial",
        "training": "none",
        "note": "Recomputation needs the weights and sampled requests inside the checking environment. For closed models, the record describes a trusted, confidential environment; disclosure to the verifier depends on that boundary.",
        "sources": [
          "S-0016",
          "S-0017",
          "S-0018"
        ]
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": [
        {
          "filter": "hide",
          "level": "note",
          "short": "may show inputs and outputs",
          "text": "May show inputs and outputs, depending on the design. Recomputation needs the weights and sampled requests inside the checking environment. For closed models, the record describes a trusted, confidential environment; disclosure to the verifier depends on that boundary."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0016",
      "title": "Timed challenge-response and memory-occupation challenges",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/timed-challenge-response/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0016",
        "title": "Timed challenge-response and memory-occupation challenges",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/timed-challenge-response/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 2,
        "scope_limitation": 0,
        "open_question": 1,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R2",
        "scope": "detecting whether a GPU is doing other work",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0018",
          "S-0067",
          "S-0033",
          "S-1306",
          "S-1307",
          "S-1607",
          "S-1304",
          "S-0032"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R2",
        "label": "Research demonstration",
        "short": "Research demo",
        "rank": 2,
        "legacy_code": "R2"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "disputed",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1308",
              "S-0074"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0018"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "none",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "none",
        "io": "none",
        "training": "none",
        "note": "Uses verifier-chosen challenges; it does not handle model data."
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0014",
      "title": "Bandwidth limits and compartmentalization",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/bandwidth-limits-and-compartmentalization/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0014",
        "title": "Bandwidth limits and compartmentalization",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/bandwidth-limits-and-compartmentalization/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 2,
        "scope_limitation": 2,
        "open_question": 1,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R2",
        "scope": "monitoring inter-node traffic with operator-run software on four GPUs",
        "confidence": "low",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0067",
          "S-1301",
          "S-0018",
          "S-3220",
          "S-1313"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R2",
        "label": "Research demonstration",
        "short": "Research demo",
        "rank": 2,
        "legacy_code": "R2"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1301"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 5,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1313"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "retrofit-device",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "none",
        "io": "none",
        "training": "none",
        "note": "Caps traffic between groups of chips; it does not read the traffic's content."
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    }
  ],
  "strengths": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [
      "M-0001"
    ],
    "operationalUse": [
      "M-0001"
    ],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0001",
      "M-0016",
      "M-0014"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0001",
      "M-0016"
    ],
    "mitigated": [],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "properties": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [
      "M-0001"
    ],
    "operationalUse": [
      "M-0001"
    ],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0001",
      "M-0016",
      "M-0014"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0001",
      "M-0016"
    ],
    "mitigated": [],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "attack_testing": [
    {
      "id": "M-0001",
      "record": "M-0001",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    }
  ],
  "selected_implementations": {},
  "weaknesses": {
    "gaps": [],
    "excluded": [],
    "unlinked": [],
    "critical": [],
    "significant": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Tolerance for numerical noise leaves a covert channel",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Schemes that accept approximate matches can put an upper bound on an adversary's covert bandwidth, but they cannot close the channel. The weight-exfiltration detector cut exfiltratable information to under 0.5%, not to zero, on a 30-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model under benign prompt traffic. Its authors called the channel's size under adversarial prompts an open empirical question. An independent study showed that an adversary who controls the prompts roughly doubles the bits leaked per token. Across six models, that cut the slowdown from 146–254 times under benign prompts to 60–118 times. The attack widens the exfiltration bound. It does not target the check that outputs match the declared model.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0020",
          "S-0015",
          "S-1507"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0002",
            "how": "Bit-exact inference would remove the numerical tolerance if exact replay can be deployed with the required weights and configuration."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Some inference optimizations are not covered",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "TOPLOC's authors state that it cannot detect speculative decoding in which a cheaper model does the decoding. They did not test whether it distinguishes types of key-value (KV) cache compression. DiFR was evaluated only on sampling from a single model. Its authors sketch an extension to one speculative-decoding algorithm but do not test it.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1000",
          "S-0016"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Remote memory narrows the timing margin",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Data-centre remote memory access returns in about 1–2 µs, against about 70–200 ns for local DRAM. The MIRI overview says verification of memory saturation depends on ruling out remote access by latency or physical disconnection. It names pre-staging data into local memory as the remaining evasion and proposes an unpredictable, capacity-filling challenge to close it.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0014",
            "how": "Physical disconnection is proposed to exclude remote memory between the separated groups during a challenge. It depends on the isolation boundary being enforced."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Operator control of pod routing collapses the bound",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Lucid's analysis finds that if the operator can freely assign pods to routers, it could dedicate a whole cell of 100 or more pods to one pipeline stage. The bound then falls to about 90–220x uncompressed and as low as about 25x with compression. The proposed mitigation, auditor-controlled random assignment that is periodically re-randomized, has not been implemented.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1301"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 5,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Parallel scale-up switches are hard enforcement points",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "In GB200 topologies, GPUs reach GPUs in other nodes through NVSwitches without a NIC on the path. Amodo notes that limits are hard to enforce there because many switches work in parallel, so compromising one or two would bypass the limit.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1313"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "criticalMechanisms": [],
    "significantMechanisms": [
      "M-0001",
      "M-0016",
      "M-0014"
    ],
    "familyContext": [],
    "scopeLimitations": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Only recorded traffic is checked",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Recomputation checks that recorded, declared workloads are correct. It cannot show that the record is complete. The published schemes do not cover hidden workloads run on the same compute, or substituted work. Rinberg et al. say their exfiltration-detection scheme cannot stand alone.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0017",
          "S-0015"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0013",
            "how": "Taps copy and hash all traffic on the monitored links, which bears on whether the traffic record is complete. They do not show what else ran on the same chips."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Undeclared local storage raises per-pod capacity",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "More memory or storage per pod helps an adversary. Lucid requires per-pod storage to be declared, capped and physically inspected.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1301"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Training within one pod is not covered",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Lucid's bounds concern pre-training models larger than the pods are sized for. Training models that fit in one pod, fine-tuning and reinforcement-learning post-training within one pod are outside the modelled threat.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1301"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "openQuestions": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Error rates not quantified",
        "classification": "open-question",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Monfared et al. show separable timing distributions. Their acceptance rule passes a GPU when its mean time per round stays at or below a chosen maximum, and an appendix outlines statistical tests for the proof-of-work puzzle. They leave hardware-specific threshold values to future work and report no false-positive or false-negative rates.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0033"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Low-communication training reduces the bandwidth training needs",
        "classification": "open-question",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "DiLoCo matched fully synchronous training on 8 workers while communicating 500 times less. Rahman writes that this family of methods theoretically allows large-scale training with less than 100 Mbps. Lucid includes these methods in its bounds, but notes that extreme activation compression, architectures with unusually small inter-layer widths, or modular paradigms could erode the margin.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1314",
          "S-0060",
          "S-1301"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "minor": 1,
    "minorFindings": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Mixed hardware widens the honest baseline",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "When honest reference runs span different GPU types, the spread of benign scores grows. In DiFR's tests on Qwen3-30B-A3B, pooling A100 and H200 runs left Token-DiFR unable to separate the two smallest tested changes, a temperature of 1.1 instead of 1.0 and a simulated top-2 sampling bug, at the target false-positive rate, while cross-entropy separated them. Matched provider and verifier environments, or pooling that weights rare large deviations, restored detection.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0016"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "minorBy": [
      {
        "id": "M-0001",
        "n": 1
      }
    ],
    "notDemonstrated": [],
    "newChip": []
  },
  "findings": [
    {
      "mech": "M-0001",
      "record": "M-0001",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Tolerance for numerical noise leaves a covert channel",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Schemes that accept approximate matches can put an upper bound on an adversary's covert bandwidth, but they cannot close the channel. The weight-exfiltration detector cut exfiltratable information to under 0.5%, not to zero, on a 30-billion-parameter mixture-of-experts model under benign prompt traffic. Its authors called the channel's size under adversarial prompts an open empirical question. An independent study showed that an adversary who controls the prompts roughly doubles the bits leaked per token. Across six models, that cut the slowdown from 146–254 times under benign prompts to 60–118 times. The attack widens the exfiltration bound. It does not target the check that outputs match the declared model.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0020",
        "S-0015",
        "S-1507"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0002",
          "how": "Bit-exact inference would remove the numerical tolerance if exact replay can be deployed with the required weights and configuration."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0001",
      "record": "M-0001",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Only recorded traffic is checked",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Recomputation checks that recorded, declared workloads are correct. It cannot show that the record is complete. The published schemes do not cover hidden workloads run on the same compute, or substituted work. Rinberg et al. say their exfiltration-detection scheme cannot stand alone.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0017",
        "S-0015"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0013",
          "how": "Taps copy and hash all traffic on the monitored links, which bears on whether the traffic record is complete. They do not show what else ran on the same chips."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0001",
      "record": "M-0001",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Some inference optimizations are not covered",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "TOPLOC's authors state that it cannot detect speculative decoding in which a cheaper model does the decoding. They did not test whether it distinguishes types of key-value (KV) cache compression. DiFR was evaluated only on sampling from a single model. Its authors sketch an extension to one speculative-decoding algorithm but do not test it.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1000",
        "S-0016"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0001",
      "record": "M-0001",
      "n": 4,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Mixed hardware widens the honest baseline",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "open-question",
      "severity": "minor",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "When honest reference runs span different GPU types, the spread of benign scores grows. In DiFR's tests on Qwen3-30B-A3B, pooling A100 and H200 runs left Token-DiFR unable to separate the two smallest tested changes, a temperature of 1.1 instead of 1.0 and a simulated top-2 sampling bug, at the target false-positive rate, while cross-entropy separated them. Matched provider and verifier environments, or pooling that weights rare large deviations, restored detection.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0016"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Timing-based software attestation has been broken in practice",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "disputed",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Castelluccia et al. implemented two generic attacks, one based on a return-oriented rootkit and one on code compression, together with specific attacks on SWATT and ICE-based schemes, on commodity sensor nodes. They conclude that secure time-based attestation is \"very difficult, if not impossible, to design correctly\". The attacks target embedded schemes, not AI accelerators.",
      "response": "Perrig and van Doorn, two of the designers of SWATT and ICE, replied in August 2010. They argue that the rootkit attack defeats a naive implementation, not a property the schemes claim, and that the SWATT attack was run on a re-implementation on a chip with eight times the program memory, where SWATT's own chip is almost always full of code. They accept that the attack on ICE works.",
      "sources": [
        "S-1308",
        "S-0074"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Remote memory narrows the timing margin",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Data-centre remote memory access returns in about 1–2 µs, against about 70–200 ns for local DRAM. The MIRI overview says verification of memory saturation depends on ruling out remote access by latency or physical disconnection. It names pre-staging data into local memory as the remaining evasion and proposes an unpredictable, capacity-filling challenge to close it.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0018"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0014",
          "how": "Physical disconnection is proposed to exclude remote memory between the separated groups during a challenge. It depends on the isolation boundary being enforced."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0016",
      "record": "M-0016",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Error rates not quantified",
      "classification": "open-question",
      "kind": "open-question",
      "severity": "minor",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Monfared et al. show separable timing distributions. Their acceptance rule passes a GPU when its mean time per round stays at or below a chosen maximum, and an appendix outlines statistical tests for the proof-of-work puzzle. They leave hardware-specific threshold values to future work and report no false-positive or false-negative rates.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0033"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Low-communication training reduces the bandwidth training needs",
      "classification": "open-question",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "DiLoCo matched fully synchronous training on 8 workers while communicating 500 times less. Rahman writes that this family of methods theoretically allows large-scale training with less than 100 Mbps. Lucid includes these methods in its bounds, but notes that extreme activation compression, architectures with unusually small inter-layer widths, or modular paradigms could erode the margin.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1314",
        "S-0060",
        "S-1301"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Operator control of pod routing collapses the bound",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Lucid's analysis finds that if the operator can freely assign pods to routers, it could dedicate a whole cell of 100 or more pods to one pipeline stage. The bound then falls to about 90–220x uncompressed and as low as about 25x with compression. The proposed mitigation, auditor-controlled random assignment that is periodically re-randomized, has not been implemented.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1301"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Undeclared local storage raises per-pod capacity",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "More memory or storage per pod helps an adversary. Lucid requires per-pod storage to be declared, capped and physically inspected.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1301"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "n": 4,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Training within one pod is not covered",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "open-question",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Lucid's bounds concern pre-training models larger than the pods are sized for. Training models that fit in one pod, fine-tuning and reinforcement-learning post-training within one pod are outside the modelled threat.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1301"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "M-0014",
      "n": 5,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Parallel scale-up switches are hard enforcement points",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "In GB200 topologies, GPUs reach GPUs in other nodes through NVSwitches without a NIC on the path. Amodo notes that limits are hard to enforce there because many switches work in parallel, so compromising one or two would bypass the limit.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1313"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "possible_additions": [
    {
      "id": "M-0002",
      "title": "Deterministic and bit-exact inference",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/deterministic-inference/",
      "readiness": "R3",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R3",
        "label": "Operational use",
        "short": "Operational use",
        "rank": 3,
        "legacy_code": "R3"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 0,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "flaw",
          "mech": "M-0001",
          "n": 1,
          "title": "Tolerance for numerical noise leaves a covert channel",
          "severity": "significant",
          "how": "Bit-exact inference would remove the numerical tolerance if exact replay can be deployed with the required weights and configuration."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0017",
      "title": "Tamper evidence for verifier devices",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tamper-evidence-for-verifier-devices/",
      "readiness": "R2",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R2",
        "label": "Research demonstration",
        "short": "Research demo",
        "rank": 2,
        "legacy_code": "R2"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
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          "label": "Published security analysis",
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        "independent_evaluation": {
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        "deployment_assurance": {
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        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-1317",
              "S-1318"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-1315",
              "S-0052",
              "S-3261"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0014",
          "text": "Shaping devices and routing assignments must be trusted by both parties; Amodo has not yet fully analysed resilience to a compromised DPU."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0013",
      "title": "Network taps and certifiers",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/network-taps-and-certifiers/",
      "readiness": "R1",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300",
              "S-1507"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1312"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 6,
            "severity": "minor",
            "status": "mitigated",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0001",
          "text": "In tap-based retrofit designs, recording all inference traffic needs network taps and recomputation servers that can ingest it, in the worst case one recomputation-server network interface per inference front-end interface."
        },
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0014",
          "text": "The verifier must know that all traffic leaving a pod crosses the capped, monitored links."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "goal": null,
  "design": null,
  "dependencies": {
    "prerequisites": [
      {
        "id": "M-0017",
        "neededBy": [
          "M-0014"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "shared": [
      {
        "id": "M-0013",
        "by": [
          "M-0001",
          "M-0014"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      }
    ],
    "blockers": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "In tap-based retrofit designs, recording all inference traffic needs network taps and recomputation servers that can ingest it, in the worst case one recomputation-server network interface per inference front-end interface.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0013",
        "sources": [
          "S-1008",
          "S-0067"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "In retrofit designs, the recomputation server must sit inside the prover's data centre, possibly under the prover's physical control, and still be protected from a compromised provider, which Amodo rates 'not on track'.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1008",
          "S-0015"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "No independent red-team of a recomputation consistency check has been published (the one independent attack study targets the weight-exfiltration bound), and Amodo rates recomputation red-teaming 'not started'.",
        "theme": "adversarial-validation",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1008",
          "S-1507"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Tolerance-based checks need calibration on trusted hardware and exact knowledge of the provider's sampling procedure, and in one prototype a sampling-implementation mismatch produced large spurious differences.",
        "theme": "performance-compatibility",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0016",
          "S-1006"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0001",
        "n": 5,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "The verifier needs the model weights, so checking a closed-weights model requires a trusted, confidential recomputation environment, which the retrofit designs place inside the prover's facility.",
        "theme": "privacy-leakage",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0016",
          "S-0017",
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "No network-level memory challenge across data-centre servers has been demonstrated.",
        "theme": "adversarial-validation",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Challenges that fill memory displace workloads; filling a pod's volatile memory takes tens of minutes and SSDs take hours.",
        "theme": "performance-compatibility",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0018",
          "S-0033"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0016",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Outside help, such as remote memory, must be excluded during challenges.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0014",
        "sources": [
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "inProposal": true
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "No cap that a verifier can check has been implemented or red-teamed.",
        "theme": "adversarial-validation",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1301"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "The verifier must know that all traffic leaving a pod crosses the capped, monitored links.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0013",
        "sources": [
          "S-0018"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Shaping devices and routing assignments must be trusted by both parties; Amodo has not yet fully analysed resilience to a compromised DPU.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": "M-0017",
        "sources": [
          "S-1301",
          "S-1313"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Advances in low-communication training could shrink the margin that the cap enforces.",
        "theme": "capacity-bounds",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1314",
          "S-0060",
          "S-1301"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      }
    ]
  },
  "exposure": {
    "weights": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [
        "M-0001"
      ],
      "hidden": [],
      "none": [
        "M-0016",
        "M-0014"
      ],
      "unknown": []
    },
    "io": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [
        "M-0001"
      ],
      "hidden": [],
      "none": [
        "M-0016",
        "M-0014"
      ],
      "unknown": []
    },
    "training": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [],
      "none": [
        "M-0001",
        "M-0016",
        "M-0014"
      ],
      "unknown": []
    }
  },
  "implementations": [
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0001",
      "selected": null,
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0011",
          "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0002",
          "title": "DiFR (Divergence From Reference)",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/difr/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0012",
          "title": "Low-trust AI compute verification system overview",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/low-trust-compute-verification-system-overview/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0008",
          "title": "SASH confidential network logger",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/sash-confidential-network-logger/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0001",
          "title": "TOPLOC",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/toploc/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0016",
      "selected": null,
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0020",
          "title": "Data-centre memory challenging",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/data-centre-memory-challenging/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0018",
          "title": "GPU contention probes",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/gpu-contention-probes/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0012",
          "title": "Low-trust AI compute verification system overview",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/low-trust-compute-verification-system-overview/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0021",
          "title": "SAGE",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/sage-gpu-attestation/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0019",
          "title": "VRAM-residency challenge",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/vram-residency-challenge/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0014",
      "selected": null,
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0011",
          "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0010",
          "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "S-0015",
      "title": "Verifying LLM Inference to Detect Model Weight Exfiltration",
      "authors": "R. Rinberg et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02620",
      "path": "/sources/rinberg-verifying-llm-inference-weight-exfiltration/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0016",
      "title": "DiFR: Inference Verification Despite Nondeterminism",
      "authors": "A. Karvonen et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.20621",
      "path": "/sources/karvonen-difr/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1000",
      "title": "TOPLOC: A Locality Sensitive Hashing Scheme for Trustless Verifiable Inference",
      "authors": "J. M. Ong et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://proceedings.mlr.press/v267/ong25a.html",
      "path": "/sources/ong-toploc/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1001",
      "title": "PrimeIntellect-ai/toploc (GitHub repository)",
      "authors": "Prime Intellect",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://github.com/PrimeIntellect-ai/toploc",
      "path": "/sources/primeintellect-toploc-code/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1003",
      "title": "INTELLECT-2: A Reasoning Model Trained Through Globally Decentralized Reinforcement Learning",
      "authors": "Prime Intellect Team et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.07291",
      "path": "/sources/primeintellect-intellect-2/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1005",
      "title": "adamkarvonen/difr (GitHub repository)",
      "authors": "A. Karvonen",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://github.com/adamkarvonen/difr",
      "path": "/sources/karvonen-difr-code/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1006",
      "title": "Scaling Recomputation Inference Verification",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-09-02-scaling-recomputation-inference-verification/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-scaling-recomputation-inference-verification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1008",
      "title": "AI 2040 Plan A — Verification SITREP",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/ai-verification/plan-a-sitrep/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-plan-a-verification-sitrep/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1507",
      "title": "Adversarial Entropy Inflation Against Gumbel-Based Inference Verification",
      "authors": "N. Kezins",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23375",
      "path": "/sources/kezins-adversarial-entropy-inflation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-3000",
      "title": "SYNTHETIC-2 Release: Four Million Collaboratively Generated Reasoning Traces",
      "authors": "Prime Intellect",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://www.primeintellect.ai/blog/synthetic-2-release",
      "path": "/sources/primeintellect-synthetic-2-release/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-3001",
      "title": "An Inference Verification Prototype — Stage 1",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-06-29-inference-verification-prototype/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-inference-verification-prototype-stage-1/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0020",
      "title": "Bit-Exact AI Inference Verification Without Performance Tradeoffs",
      "authors": "N. Cankaya",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2606.00279",
      "path": "/sources/cankaya-bit-exact-inference-verification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0017",
      "title": "Example Schemes for Verifying High-Stakes AI Agreements",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-06-23-verification-algorithms/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-example-schemes-high-stakes-ai-agreements/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0018",
      "title": "A System Overview for Near-Term, Low-Trust AI Compute Verification",
      "authors": "N. Cankaya",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://intelligence.org/wp-content/uploads/2026/06/A-system-overview-for-near-term-low-trust-AI-compute-verification.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/cankaya-system-overview-low-trust-compute-verification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0067",
      "title": "Verification Plan",
      "authors": "R. Dean",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://ai-2040.com/supplements/verification-plan",
      "path": "/sources/dean-verification-plan/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0033",
      "title": "Timing and Memory Telemetry on GPUs for AI Governance",
      "authors": "S. K. Monfared et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2602.09369",
      "path": "/sources/monfared-timing-memory-telemetry-gpus/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1306",
      "title": "SAGE: Software-based Attestation for GPU Execution",
      "authors": "A. Ivanov et al.",
      "year": 2023,
      "url": "https://www.usenix.org/conference/atc23/presentation/ivanov",
      "path": "/sources/ivanov-sage-gpu-attestation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1307",
      "title": "SWATT: SoftWare-based ATTestation for Embedded Devices",
      "authors": "A. Seshadri et al.",
      "year": 2004,
      "url": "https://netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/swatt.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/seshadri-swatt/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1607",
      "title": "Proofs of Space",
      "authors": "S. Dziembowski et al.",
      "year": 2015,
      "url": "https://eprint.iacr.org/2013/796",
      "path": "/sources/dziembowski-proofs-of-space/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1304",
      "title": "Secure Code Update for Embedded Devices via Proofs of Secure Erasure",
      "authors": "D. Perito & G. Tsudik",
      "year": 2010,
      "url": "https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-15497-3_39",
      "path": "/sources/perito-proofs-of-secure-erasure/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0032",
      "title": "Software-Based Memory Erasure with Relaxed Isolation Requirements",
      "authors": "S. Bursuc et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10664348/",
      "path": "/sources/bursuc-software-based-memory-erasure/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1308",
      "title": "On the Difficulty of Software-Based Attestation of Embedded Devices",
      "authors": "C. Castelluccia et al.",
      "year": 2009,
      "url": "https://s3.eurecom.fr/docs/ccs09_Castelluccia.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/castelluccia-difficulty-software-based-attestation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0074",
      "title": "Refutation of \"On the Difficulty of Software-Based Attestation of Embedded Devices\"",
      "authors": "A. Perrig & L. van Doorn",
      "year": 2010,
      "url": "https://netsec.ethz.ch/publications/papers/perrig-ccs-refutation.pdf",
      "path": "/sources/perrig-refutation-software-based-attestation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1301",
      "title": "Traffic Shaping for Workload Classification",
      "authors": "Lucid Computing",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://lucidcomputing.substack.com/p/traffic-shaping-for-workload-classification",
      "path": "/sources/lucid-traffic-shaping-workload-classification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-3220",
      "title": "De-risking Interconnect Limits for AI Verification",
      "authors": "A. Scher et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://techgov.intelligence.org/blog/de-risking-interconnect-limits-for-ai-verification",
      "path": "/sources/scher-derisking-interconnect-limits/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1313",
      "title": "The Tray as a Bandwidth Boundary",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-03-16-dpu-bandwidth-limiter/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-tray-bandwidth-boundary/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1314",
      "title": "DiLoCo: Distributed Low-Communication Training of Language Models",
      "authors": "A. Douillard et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.08105",
      "path": "/sources/douillard-diloco/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0060",
      "title": "Does Distributed Training Undermine Compute Governance?",
      "authors": "R. Rahman",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29359",
      "path": "/sources/rahman-distributed-training-compute-governance/"
    }
  ]
}