{
  "schema_version": "1.3",
  "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/explorer/?mechanisms=M-0003,M-0012&implementations=M-0003:I-0011",
  "data_generated": "2026-10-09",
  "definitions": {
    "methodology": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/methodology/",
    "readiness": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/readiness/",
    "filters": [
      {
        "id": "prover",
        "label": "Prover",
        "question": "How far can the party being checked be trusted?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "cooperative",
            "label": "Cooperative"
          },
          {
            "value": "semi-trusted",
            "label": "Semi-trusted"
          },
          {
            "value": "adversarial",
            "label": "Adversarial"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose threat model holds against at least this prover. Adversarial is the strongest assumption.",
        "about": "The prover is the party being checked. Semi-trusted designs rely on part of its stack: usually the chip vendor's hardware root of trust, its firmware or counters, or its supply-chain records. Adversarial designs aim to hold even if it cheats wherever the checks allow, within their stated assumptions."
      },
      {
        "id": "onsite",
        "label": "Verifier devices on site",
        "question": "May the verifier install its own hardware at the prover's sites?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "no",
            "label": "Not allowed"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Not allowed\" removes mechanisms that need a retrofit device, such as a network tap or a sealed sensor.",
        "about": "Some mechanisms need a device the verifier owns or trusts at the prover's facility, such as a network tap, a bandwidth limiter or a sealed sensor. Choose Not allowed when the setting rules that out. Inspectors are not covered."
      },
      {
        "id": "coop",
        "label": "Prover cooperation",
        "question": "How much must the prover take part?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "partial",
            "label": "Partial at most"
          },
          {
            "value": "none",
            "label": "Not required"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Partial at most\" removes mechanisms that need the prover's active participation. \"Not required\" keeps only those that work without it.",
        "about": "Required: the prover takes part, for example by logging requests, producing proofs or opening records. Partial: some access, such as installing a device. Not required: works from outside, such as satellite imagery."
      },
      {
        "id": "chips",
        "label": "Chips",
        "question": "May the proposal depend on new chip designs?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "existing",
            "label": "Existing chips only"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Existing chips only\" removes mechanisms that need changes to future chip designs.",
        "about": "New chip features take years to reach a deployed fleet and cover only chips made after they ship. Mechanisms that use shipping features, such as trusted execution environments or performance counters, stay."
      },
      {
        "id": "ready",
        "label": "Minimum development status",
        "question": "Development status",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "R1",
            "label": "Proposed"
          },
          {
            "value": "R2",
            "label": "Research demonstration"
          },
          {
            "value": "R3",
            "label": "Operational use"
          },
          {
            "value": "R4",
            "label": "Legacy independent-evaluation filter",
            "legacy": true
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose readiness level is at least this one.",
        "about": "A level describes the public evidence for a mechanism's stated use, not its cost or feasibility. R3 can still have open critical flaws."
      },
      {
        "id": "tested",
        "label": "Attack testing",
        "question": "How hard has each mechanism been attacked in public?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "analysis",
            "label": "Published analysis"
          },
          {
            "value": "red-teamed",
            "label": "Red-teamed"
          },
          {
            "value": "independent-red-team",
            "label": "Independent red-team"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose strongest published attack testing is at least this.",
        "about": "The strongest published attempt to break the mechanism for its verification use: a security analysis, red-teaming by its developers or collaborators, or a red team independent of them."
      },
      {
        "id": "hide",
        "label": "Keep hidden from the verifier",
        "question": "What must the verifier never see?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "weights",
            "label": "Model weights"
          },
          {
            "value": "io",
            "label": "Inputs and outputs"
          },
          {
            "value": "training",
            "label": "Training data"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Removes mechanisms that show the asset to the verifier. Conditional or unspecified exposure stays with a note and needs checking against the privacy requirement.",
        "about": "Model weights: the checked model's parameters. Inputs and outputs: the requests a deployed model serves and its responses. Training data: what a model was trained on. Each mechanism's exposure is the editors' reading of its record: shown, depends on the design (kept, with a note), hidden, not involved, or unspecified for a selected implementation. Code and configuration are not covered yet."
      }
    ],
    "exposure": "For model weights, inputs and outputs, and training data. This is the editors' reading of each mechanism's record (its threat model, how it works and its limitations), not a field of the record. Shown: the verifier sees it. Depends: on the design or variant, or the verifier sees only samples. Hidden: the verifier sees only commitments, hashes, proofs or results. Not involved: the record does not handle it. Unspecified: the selected implementation has no asset-specific assessment here.",
    "claim_status": {
      "addressed": "A mechanism in the proposal is aimed at this claim and is not excluded by the filters.",
      "partly-addressed": "Only supporting mechanisms, or mechanisms aimed at it that the filters exclude.",
      "unaddressed": "No mechanism in the proposal addresses this claim."
    },
    "finding_classification": {
      "failure": {
        "label": "Known failures",
        "singular": "Known failure",
        "anchor": "known-flaws"
      },
      "scope-limitation": {
        "label": "Scope limitations",
        "singular": "Scope limitation",
        "anchor": "scope-limitations"
      },
      "open-question": {
        "label": "Open questions",
        "singular": "Open question",
        "anchor": "open-questions"
      }
    },
    "finding_scope": "Evidence scope describes where a finding was demonstrated; it does not establish applicability to every implementation in the mechanism family.",
    "claim_finding_scope": "open_critical_findings names active failures on the assessed records; open_critical_context names conditional family failures whose implementation applicability is unassessed.",
    "legacy_status": "The status field retains covered/partial/none for compatibility. It names claim links, never successful verification. Use claim_status and status_label for presentation."
  },
  "filters": {
    "prover": "",
    "onsite": "",
    "coop": "",
    "chips": "",
    "ready": "",
    "tested": "",
    "hide": []
  },
  "mechanisms_passing_filters": 25,
  "claims": [],
  "mechanisms": [
    {
      "id": "M-0003",
      "title": "Whole-workload recomputation (reproducible packets)",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/reproducible-computation-packets/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "I-0011",
        "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 1,
        "scope_limitation": 2,
        "open_question": 0,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": {
        "id": "I-0011",
        "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
      },
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R1",
        "scope": "showing that retrofitted data centres run only inference",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0067",
          "S-1511",
          "S-1512",
          "S-1008",
          "S-1312"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "none",
          "label": "No published adversarial analysis recorded",
          "kind": "none"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 3,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1511",
              "S-0015",
              "S-1507",
              "S-0067"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "retrofit-device",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "none"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "unknown",
        "io": "unknown",
        "training": "unknown",
        "note": "This Explorer has no asset-specific exposure assessment for this implementation. Check its source and deployment assumptions.",
        "sources": []
      },
      "family_finding_context": [
        {
          "n": 1,
          "historical": false,
          "title": "Spare compute is outside the scheme",
          "classification": "scope-limitation",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "The plan states that it does not verify that spare compute is not used for unapproved workloads, because this seems very challenging. Recomputation checks the correctness of declared work, not its completeness.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-0067",
            "S-0017"
          ],
          "helps": [
            {
              "by": "M-0007",
              "how": "Proposed as one input to accounting for spare capacity on declared hardware."
            }
          ],
          "record": "M-0003",
          "represented_by": []
        },
        {
          "n": 2,
          "historical": false,
          "title": "Non-compliant work could be encoded inside compliant-looking packets",
          "classification": "open-question",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "The plan notes that an AI company might try to encode a non-compliant workload inside a workload that looks compliant on the surface.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-0067"
          ],
          "record": "M-0003",
          "represented_by": []
        }
      ],
      "filter_issues": []
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0012",
      "title": "Hardware-attested weight binding",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/model-identity-attestation/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0012",
        "title": "Hardware-attested weight binding",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/model-identity-attestation/"
      },
      "finding_counts": {
        "failure": 2,
        "scope_limitation": 1,
        "open_question": 0,
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 1,
          "significant": 0,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R3",
        "scope": "hardware-attested weight binding showing users that a service runs its committed weights",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0013",
          "S-0012",
          "S-1206",
          "S-1207",
          "S-1208",
          "S-1209",
          "S-1202"
        ]
      },
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R3",
        "label": "Operational use",
        "short": "Operational use",
        "rank": 3,
        "legacy_code": "R3"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "independent-red-team",
          "label": "Published attack testing",
          "kind": "practical",
          "attribution": "Independent team"
        },
        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "critical",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "inherited",
            "sources": [
              "S-1202",
              "S-1210",
              "S-1212",
              "S-1213",
              "S-1206",
              "S-0012"
            ],
            "related_finding": {
              "record": "M-0008",
              "flaw": 1
            }
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "mitigated",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0013",
              "S-0014"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 1,
          "significant": 0,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "semi-trusted",
        "hardware_requirement": "existing-features",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "independent-red-team"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "hidden",
        "io": "unknown",
        "training": "none",
        "note": "Verifiers check a hash commitment to the weights, carried in a hardware attestation, and need no access to the weights themselves. The mechanism does not specify whether prompts and outputs are disclosed to a verifier. It involves no training data.",
        "sources": [
          "S-0013",
          "S-0012",
          "S-0009"
        ]
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    }
  ],
  "strengths": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "operationalUse": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0003"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "mitigated": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0012",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Launch-state attestation does not by itself cover weights loaded later",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "mitigated",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Attestation measures launch state, and weights are read from disk after boot. A signature checked at load time does not stop a malicious hypervisor from altering the disk afterwards. Tinfoil reports mitigating this with dm-verity checks on every read. Unmeasured runtime configuration remains a general risk.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0013",
          "S-0014"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "properties": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "operationalUse": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0003"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "mitigated": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0012",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Launch-state attestation does not by itself cover weights loaded later",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "mitigated",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Attestation measures launch state, and weights are read from disk after boot. A signature checked at load time does not stop a malicious hypervisor from altering the disk afterwards. Tinfoil reports mitigating this with dm-verity checks on every read. Unmeasured runtime configuration remains a general risk.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0013",
          "S-0014"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "attack_testing": [
    {
      "id": "M-0012",
      "record": "M-0012",
      "evaluation": "independent-red-team",
      "in_setting": true
    }
  ],
  "selected_implementations": {
    "M-0003": "I-0011"
  },
  "weaknesses": {
    "gaps": [],
    "excluded": [],
    "unlinked": [],
    "critical": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0012",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Underlying attestation can be forged or relayed",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
        "severity": "critical",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": "inherited",
        "scope_note": "Critical for weight binding against an operator with physical access to affected hardware, or with control of the hypervisor on an AMD SEV-SNP platform without AMD's fixes. PAL*M excludes physical attacks, and Tinfoil acknowledges this boundary.",
        "related_finding": {
          "record": "M-0008",
          "flaw": 1
        },
        "description": "The enclave route inherits the platform-specific TEE attestation failures. Intel TDX forgery and H100 relay were demonstrated with physical access and host control. Battering RAM defeated AMD SEV-SNP attestation on DDR4 servers; RMPocalypse did so from malicious host software on platforms without AMD's fixes. These demonstrate failures of the trust roots, not of each model-commitment protocol.",
        "response": "The TEE.fail authors report that physical interposer attacks are outside Intel's and AMD's threat models. AMD reports fixes for RMPocalypse.",
        "sources": [
          "S-1202",
          "S-1210",
          "S-1212",
          "S-1213",
          "S-1206",
          "S-0012"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0009",
            "how": "A tamper-protected enclosure around the chip is the proposed answer when the party that holds the hardware may attack it physically."
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "significant": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "A recomputation family degrades against prompt-controlling adversaries",
        "classification": "failure",
        "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The plan's companion page names DiFR among the recomputation schemes being tested. An independent study found that Gumbel-based inference verification, the family that includes Token-DiFR, leaks roughly twice as many bits per token when the adversary chooses prompts that disrupt the text's structure, across six models of 1 to 32 billion parameters. The slowdown it imposes on a hidden-signalling adversary falls from 146–254 times under benign prompts to 60–118 times. The attack weakens the bound on hidden information in outputs, which the plan relies on to keep undeclared results from leaving.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1511",
          "S-0015",
          "S-1507",
          "S-0067"
        ],
        "record": "I-0011"
      }
    ],
    "criticalMechanisms": [
      "M-0012"
    ],
    "significantMechanisms": [
      "M-0003"
    ],
    "familyContext": [
      {
        "id": "M-0003",
        "implementation": "I-0011",
        "flaws": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "historical": false,
            "title": "Spare compute is outside the scheme",
            "classification": "scope-limitation",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "The plan states that it does not verify that spare compute is not used for unapproved workloads, because this seems very challenging. Recomputation checks the correctness of declared work, not its completeness.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-0067",
              "S-0017"
            ],
            "helps": [
              {
                "by": "M-0007",
                "how": "Proposed as one input to accounting for spare capacity on declared hardware."
              }
            ],
            "record": "M-0003",
            "represented_by": []
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "historical": false,
            "title": "Non-compliant work could be encoded inside compliant-looking packets",
            "classification": "open-question",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "The plan notes that an AI company might try to encode a non-compliant workload inside a workload that looks compliant on the surface.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-0067"
            ],
            "record": "M-0003",
            "represented_by": []
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "scopeLimitations": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "The recomputation server must be trusted",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The plan calls the integrity of the recomputation server an extremely important aspect, and its argument that sampling verifies all outputs assumes that the server's computations and outputs can be trusted. The companion page notes that the server sits inside the prover's facility, possibly under the prover's physical control, and that hardening it against integrity attacks needs significant research. Amodo rates recomputation-server security as not on track.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0067",
          "S-1511",
          "S-1008"
        ],
        "record": "I-0011"
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "Spare compute is not verified",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The plan states that it does not verify that spare compute is unused for unapproved workloads, because this seems very challenging. It relies instead on side-channel bounds and memory wipes, so that the only results that persist are verified inference outputs.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0067"
        ],
        "record": "I-0011"
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0012",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "title": "For private models, a user can confirm consistency but not content",
        "classification": "scope-limitation",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "When weights are not published, users can check that the same root hash is served each time, but not what the model is. Pairing the hash with an attested evaluation, as in Attestable Audits, is one proposed remedy.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0013",
          "S-0009"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "openQuestions": [],
    "minor": 0,
    "minorFindings": [],
    "minorBy": [],
    "notDemonstrated": [
      "M-0003"
    ],
    "newChip": []
  },
  "findings": [
    {
      "mech": "M-0003",
      "record": "I-0011",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "The recomputation server must be trusted",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "The plan calls the integrity of the recomputation server an extremely important aspect, and its argument that sampling verifies all outputs assumes that the server's computations and outputs can be trusted. The companion page notes that the server sits inside the prover's facility, possibly under the prover's physical control, and that hardening it against integrity attacks needs significant research. Amodo rates recomputation-server security as not on track.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0067",
        "S-1511",
        "S-1008"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0003",
      "record": "I-0011",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Spare compute is not verified",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "The plan states that it does not verify that spare compute is unused for unapproved workloads, because this seems very challenging. It relies instead on side-channel bounds and memory wipes, so that the only results that persist are verified inference outputs.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0067"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0003",
      "record": "I-0011",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "A recomputation family degrades against prompt-controlling adversaries",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "The plan's companion page names DiFR among the recomputation schemes being tested. An independent study found that Gumbel-based inference verification, the family that includes Token-DiFR, leaks roughly twice as many bits per token when the adversary chooses prompts that disrupt the text's structure, across six models of 1 to 32 billion parameters. The slowdown it imposes on a hidden-signalling adversary falls from 146–254 times under benign prompts to 60–118 times. The attack weakens the bound on hidden information in outputs, which the plan relies on to keep undeclared results from leaving.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1511",
        "S-0015",
        "S-1507",
        "S-0067"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0012",
      "record": "M-0012",
      "n": 1,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Underlying attestation can be forged or relayed",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "demonstrated-attack",
      "severity": "critical",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": "inherited",
      "scope_note": "Critical for weight binding against an operator with physical access to affected hardware, or with control of the hypervisor on an AMD SEV-SNP platform without AMD's fixes. PAL*M excludes physical attacks, and Tinfoil acknowledges this boundary.",
      "related_finding": {
        "record": "M-0008",
        "flaw": 1
      },
      "description": "The enclave route inherits the platform-specific TEE attestation failures. Intel TDX forgery and H100 relay were demonstrated with physical access and host control. Battering RAM defeated AMD SEV-SNP attestation on DDR4 servers; RMPocalypse did so from malicious host software on platforms without AMD's fixes. These demonstrate failures of the trust roots, not of each model-commitment protocol.",
      "response": "The TEE.fail authors report that physical interposer attacks are outside Intel's and AMD's threat models. AMD reports fixes for RMPocalypse.",
      "sources": [
        "S-1202",
        "S-1210",
        "S-1212",
        "S-1213",
        "S-1206",
        "S-0012"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0009",
          "how": "A tamper-protected enclosure around the chip is the proposed answer when the party that holds the hardware may attack it physically."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0012",
      "record": "M-0012",
      "n": 2,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "Launch-state attestation does not by itself cover weights loaded later",
      "classification": "failure",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "mitigated",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Attestation measures launch state, and weights are read from disk after boot. A signature checked at load time does not stop a malicious hypervisor from altering the disk afterwards. Tinfoil reports mitigating this with dm-verity checks on every read. Unmeasured runtime configuration remains a general risk.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0013",
        "S-0014"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0012",
      "record": "M-0012",
      "n": 3,
      "historical": false,
      "title": "For private models, a user can confirm consistency but not content",
      "classification": "scope-limitation",
      "kind": "open-question",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "When weights are not published, users can check that the same root hash is served each time, but not what the model is. Pairing the hash with an attested evaluation, as in Attestable Audits, is one proposed remedy.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0013",
        "S-0009"
      ]
    }
  ],
  "possible_additions": [
    {
      "id": "M-0009",
      "title": "Hardware-enabled guarantees (flexHEG) and guarantee processors",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/flexheg-guarantee-processors/",
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        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
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            "sources": [
              "S-1204",
              "S-0057"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
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            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1204"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "significant",
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            "sources": [
              "S-1204"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
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          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "flaw",
          "mech": "M-0012",
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          "title": "Underlying attestation can be forged or relayed",
          "severity": "critical",
          "how": "A tamper-protected enclosure around the chip is the proposed answer when the party that holds the hardware may attack it physically."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0008",
      "title": "TEE remote attestation for AI workloads",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tee-remote-attestation/",
      "readiness": "R3",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R3",
        "label": "Operational use",
        "short": "Operational use",
        "rank": 3,
        "legacy_code": "R3"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
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          "status": "independent-red-team",
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          "status": "unassessed"
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          "status": "unassessed"
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          "status": "unassessed"
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        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
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              "S-3126",
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              "S-1206",
              "S-0014",
              "S-1210",
              "S-1212",
              "S-3127"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
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              "S-1211"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
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            "sources": [
              "S-1212",
              "S-1213",
              "S-3127",
              "S-3128"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "significant",
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            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-1202"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 5,
            "severity": "significant",
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            "sources": [
              "S-0012",
              "S-0009",
              "S-0014",
              "S-3123",
              "S-3129"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 8,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-0014",
              "S-0009",
              "S-3130",
              "S-3131"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 2,
          "significant": 3,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0012",
          "text": "Attestation that resists physical attackers, for the enclave variant."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0017",
      "title": "Tamper evidence for verifier devices",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tamper-evidence-for-verifier-devices/",
      "readiness": "R2",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R2",
        "label": "Research demonstration",
        "short": "Research demo",
        "rank": 2,
        "legacy_code": "R2"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
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        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-1317",
              "S-1318"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "mechanism",
            "sources": [
              "S-1315",
              "S-0052",
              "S-3261"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0003",
          "text": "Checking that taps are correctly installed and stay in place at scale is not a solved problem, and hardening the recomputation server inside the prover's facility needs significant research."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0015",
      "title": "Memory wiping and proofs of secure erasure",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/memory-wiping-and-secure-erasure/",
      "readiness": "R1",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
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        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 2,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0032",
              "S-0018"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 1,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0003",
          "text": "Memory wiping may use existing algorithms, but hardware testing is at an early stage."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0013",
      "title": "Network taps and certifiers",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/network-taps-and-certifiers/",
      "readiness": "R1",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
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          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
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        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300",
              "S-1507"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1312"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 6,
            "severity": "minor",
            "status": "mitigated",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1300"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0003",
          "text": "Passive optical taps work at 400G, but the 800G and 1600G line rates now arriving in data centres are undemonstrated."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0022",
      "title": "Side-channel suppression for isolated facilities",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/side-channel-suppression/",
      "readiness": "R1",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R1",
        "label": "Proposed",
        "short": "Proposed",
        "rank": 1,
        "legacy_code": "R1"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
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          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
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        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
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        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 0,
          "minor": 0
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0003",
          "text": "There is no plan yet for quickly scaling side-channel defences on a frontier cluster; only early theoretical pieces exist."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0001",
      "title": "Sampled inference recomputation",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/sampled-inference-recomputation/",
      "readiness": "R3",
      "development_status": {
        "code": "R3",
        "label": "Operational use",
        "short": "Operational use",
        "rank": 3,
        "legacy_code": "R3"
      },
      "security_evidence": {
        "attack_testing": {
          "status": "analysis",
          "label": "Published security analysis",
          "kind": "analysis"
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        "independent_evaluation": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "formal_proof": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "deployment_assurance": {
          "status": "unassessed"
        },
        "legacy_evaluation_code": null,
        "scoped_findings": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0020",
              "S-0015",
              "S-1507"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-1000",
              "S-0016"
            ]
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "severity": "minor",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": "unassessed",
            "sources": [
              "S-0016"
            ]
          }
        ],
        "open_failures": {
          "critical": 0,
          "significant": 2,
          "minor": 1
        }
      },
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "prerequisite",
          "mech": "M-0003"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "goal": null,
  "design": null,
  "dependencies": {
    "prerequisites": [
      {
        "id": "M-0001",
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          "M-0003"
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "M-0008",
        "neededBy": [
          "M-0012"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "shared": [],
    "blockers": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "A fully reproducible inference stack needs substantial software and tooling, and per-packet network reproducibility may need considerable software, firmware and possibly hardware work.",
        "theme": "performance-compatibility",
        "blocked_by": "M-0003",
        "sources": [
          "S-1511"
        ],
        "inProposal": true
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 2,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Passive optical taps work at 400G, but the 800G and 1600G line rates now arriving in data centres are undemonstrated.",
        "theme": "performance-compatibility",
        "blocked_by": "M-0013",
        "sources": [
          "S-1511"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 3,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Checking that taps are correctly installed and stay in place at scale is not a solved problem, and hardening the recomputation server inside the prover's facility needs significant research.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": "M-0017",
        "sources": [
          "S-1511",
          "S-1008"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 4,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "There is no plan yet for quickly scaling side-channel defences on a frontier cluster; only early theoretical pieces exist.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0022",
        "sources": [
          "S-1511"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 5,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Memory wiping may use existing algorithms, but hardware testing is at an early stage.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0015",
        "sources": [
          "S-1511"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0003",
        "n": 6,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Robust red-teaming of recomputation schemes has not started, and most algorithm development remains academic.",
        "theme": "adversarial-validation",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1511",
          "S-1008"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0012",
        "n": 1,
        "historical": false,
        "text": "Attestation that resists physical attackers, for the enclave variant.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": "M-0008",
        "sources": [
          "S-1202"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      }
    ]
  },
  "exposure": {
    "weights": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [
        "M-0012"
      ],
      "none": [],
      "unknown": [
        "M-0003"
      ]
    },
    "io": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [],
      "none": [],
      "unknown": [
        "M-0003",
        "M-0012"
      ]
    },
    "training": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [],
      "none": [
        "M-0012"
      ],
      "unknown": [
        "M-0003"
      ]
    }
  },
  "implementations": [
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0003",
      "selected": {
        "id": "I-0011",
        "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
      },
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0011",
          "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0012",
      "selected": null,
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0007",
          "title": "Attestable Audits",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/attestable-audits/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0022",
          "title": "PAL*M",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/palm/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0006",
          "title": "Tinfoil model identity (Modelwrap)",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/tinfoil-model-identity/"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "S-0067",
      "title": "Verification Plan",
      "authors": "R. Dean",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://ai-2040.com/supplements/verification-plan",
      "path": "/sources/dean-verification-plan/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1511",
      "title": "Get Involved in Verification",
      "authors": "AI Futures Project",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://ai-2040.com/supplements/verification-plan/get-involved",
      "path": "/sources/ai-futures-get-involved-verification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1512",
      "title": "Verifying international AI deals: Plan A, the state-of-play, and what you can do to help",
      "authors": "T. Milton et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amodo.substack.com/p/verifying-international-ai-deals",
      "path": "/sources/milton-verifying-international-ai-deals/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1008",
      "title": "AI 2040 Plan A — Verification SITREP",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/ai-verification/plan-a-sitrep/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-plan-a-verification-sitrep/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1312",
      "title": "Fitting a Network TAP to our Inference Verification Prototype",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-09-15-network-tap-inference-verification/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-network-tap-inference-verification-prototype/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0015",
      "title": "Verifying LLM Inference to Detect Model Weight Exfiltration",
      "authors": "R. Rinberg et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2511.02620",
      "path": "/sources/rinberg-verifying-llm-inference-weight-exfiltration/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1507",
      "title": "Adversarial Entropy Inflation Against Gumbel-Based Inference Verification",
      "authors": "N. Kezins",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2608.23375",
      "path": "/sources/kezins-adversarial-entropy-inflation/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0017",
      "title": "Example Schemes for Verifying High-Stakes AI Agreements",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-06-23-verification-algorithms/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-example-schemes-high-stakes-ai-agreements/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0013",
      "title": "How Tinfoil Proves Exactly What Model Is Running",
      "authors": "Tinfoil Team",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://tinfoil.sh/blog/2026-02-03-proving-model-identity",
      "path": "/sources/tinfoil-proving-model-identity/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0012",
      "title": "PAL*M: Property Attestation for Large Generative Models",
      "authors": "P. Chantasantitam et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16199",
      "path": "/sources/chantasantitam-palm/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1206",
      "title": "A primer on secure enclaves",
      "authors": "Tinfoil",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://docs.tinfoil.sh/verification/secure-enclave-primer",
      "path": "/sources/tinfoil-docs-secure-enclave-primer/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1207",
      "title": "Backend infrastructure",
      "authors": "Tinfoil",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://docs.tinfoil.sh/verification/attestation-architecture",
      "path": "/sources/tinfoil-docs-attestation-architecture/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1208",
      "title": "How verification works in Tinfoil",
      "authors": "Tinfoil",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://docs.tinfoil.sh/verification/verification-in-tinfoil",
      "path": "/sources/tinfoil-docs-verification-in-tinfoil/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1209",
      "title": "modelwrap: Reproducible dm-verity read-only image of Huggingface models",
      "authors": "Tinfoil",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://github.com/tinfoilsh/modelwrap",
      "path": "/sources/tinfoil-modelwrap-code/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1202",
      "title": "TEE.fail: Breaking Trusted Execution Environments via DDR5 Memory Bus Interposition",
      "authors": "J. Chuang et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://tee.fail/",
      "path": "/sources/chuang-tee-fail/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1210",
      "title": "Battering RAM: Low-Cost Interposer Attacks on Confidential Computing via Dynamic Memory Aliasing",
      "authors": "J. De Meulemeester et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://batteringram.eu/",
      "path": "/sources/de-meulemeester-battering-ram/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1212",
      "title": "RMPocalypse: How a Catch-22 Breaks AMD SEV-SNP",
      "authors": "B. Schlüter & S. Shinde",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://rmpocalypse.github.io/",
      "path": "/sources/schluter-rmpocalypse/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1213",
      "title": "SEV-SNP RMP Initialization Vulnerability (AMD-SB-3020)",
      "authors": "AMD",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://www.amd.com/en/resources/product-security/bulletin/amd-sb-3020.html",
      "path": "/sources/amd-sb-3020-rmp-initialization/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0014",
      "title": "On TEEs for Privacy-Preserving Monitoring in AI Governance",
      "authors": "Gloria Z",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://techgov.intelligence.org/blog/on-tees-for-privacy-preserving-monitoring-in-ai-governance",
      "path": "/sources/zhao-tees-privacy-preserving-monitoring/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0009",
      "title": "Attestable Audits: Verifiable AI Safety Benchmarks Using Trusted Execution Environments",
      "authors": "C. Schnabl et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.23706",
      "path": "/sources/schnabl-attestable-audits/"
    }
  ]
}