{
  "schema_version": "1.2",
  "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/explorer/?mechanisms=M-0014,M-0009&implementations=M-0014:I-0010",
  "data_generated": "2026-10-08",
  "definitions": {
    "methodology": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/methodology/",
    "readiness": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/about/readiness/",
    "filters": [
      {
        "id": "prover",
        "label": "Prover",
        "question": "How far can the party being checked be trusted?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "cooperative",
            "label": "Cooperative"
          },
          {
            "value": "semi-trusted",
            "label": "Semi-trusted"
          },
          {
            "value": "adversarial",
            "label": "Adversarial"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose threat model holds against at least this prover. Adversarial is the strongest assumption.",
        "about": "The prover is the party being checked. Semi-trusted designs rely on part of its stack: usually the chip vendor's hardware root of trust, its firmware or counters, or its supply-chain records. Adversarial designs aim to hold even if it cheats wherever the checks allow, within their stated assumptions."
      },
      {
        "id": "onsite",
        "label": "Verifier devices on site",
        "question": "May the verifier install its own hardware at the prover's sites?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "no",
            "label": "Not allowed"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Not allowed\" removes mechanisms that need a retrofit device, such as a network tap or a sealed sensor.",
        "about": "Some mechanisms need a device the verifier owns or trusts at the prover's facility, such as a network tap, a bandwidth limiter or a sealed sensor. Choose Not allowed when the setting rules that out. Inspectors are not covered."
      },
      {
        "id": "coop",
        "label": "Prover cooperation",
        "question": "How much must the prover take part?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "partial",
            "label": "Partial at most"
          },
          {
            "value": "none",
            "label": "Not required"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Partial at most\" removes mechanisms that need the prover's active participation. \"Not required\" keeps only those that work without it.",
        "about": "Required: the prover takes part, for example by logging requests, producing proofs or opening records. Partial: some access, such as installing a device. Not required: works from outside, such as satellite imagery."
      },
      {
        "id": "chips",
        "label": "Chips",
        "question": "May the proposal depend on new chip designs?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "existing",
            "label": "Existing chips only"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "\"Existing chips only\" removes mechanisms that need changes to future chip designs.",
        "about": "New chip features take years to reach a deployed fleet and cover only chips made after they ship. Mechanisms that use shipping features, such as trusted execution environments or performance counters, stay."
      },
      {
        "id": "ready",
        "label": "Minimum readiness",
        "question": "How mature must each mechanism be?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "R1",
            "label": "R1 Proposed"
          },
          {
            "value": "R2",
            "label": "R2 Demonstrated"
          },
          {
            "value": "R3",
            "label": "R3 In production"
          },
          {
            "value": "R4",
            "label": "R4 Deployment-ready"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose readiness level is at least this one.",
        "about": "A level describes the public evidence for a mechanism's stated use, not its cost or feasibility. R3 can still have open critical flaws."
      },
      {
        "id": "tested",
        "label": "Attack testing",
        "question": "How hard has each mechanism been attacked in public?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "analysis",
            "label": "Published analysis"
          },
          {
            "value": "red-teamed",
            "label": "Red-teamed"
          },
          {
            "value": "independent-red-team",
            "label": "Independent red-team"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Keeps mechanisms whose strongest published attack testing is at least this.",
        "about": "The strongest published attempt to break the mechanism for its verification use: a security analysis, red-teaming by its developers or collaborators, or a red team independent of them."
      },
      {
        "id": "hide",
        "label": "Keep hidden from the verifier",
        "question": "What must the verifier never see?",
        "options": [
          {
            "value": "weights",
            "label": "Model weights"
          },
          {
            "value": "io",
            "label": "Inputs and outputs"
          },
          {
            "value": "training",
            "label": "Training data"
          }
        ],
        "rule": "Removes mechanisms that show the asset to the verifier. Conditional or unspecified exposure stays with a note and needs checking against the privacy requirement.",
        "about": "Model weights: the checked model's parameters. Inputs and outputs: the requests a deployed model serves and its responses. Training data: what a model was trained on. Each mechanism's exposure is the editors' reading of its record: shown, depends on the design (kept, with a note), hidden, not involved, or unspecified for a selected implementation. Code and configuration are not covered yet."
      }
    ],
    "exposure": "For model weights, inputs and outputs, and training data. This is the editors' reading of each mechanism's record (its threat model, how it works and its limitations), not a field of the record. Shown: the verifier sees it. Depends: on the design or variant, or the verifier sees only samples. Hidden: the verifier sees only commitments, hashes, proofs or results. Not involved: the record does not handle it. Unspecified: the selected implementation has no asset-specific assessment here.",
    "claim_status": {
      "addressed": "A mechanism in the proposal is aimed at this claim and is not excluded by the filters.",
      "partly-addressed": "Only supporting mechanisms, or mechanisms aimed at it that the filters exclude.",
      "unaddressed": "No mechanism in the proposal addresses this claim."
    },
    "finding_scope": "Evidence scope describes where a finding was demonstrated; it does not establish applicability to every implementation in the mechanism family.",
    "claim_finding_scope": "open_critical_findings names active findings on the assessed records; open_critical_context names conditional family findings whose implementation applicability is unassessed.",
    "legacy_status": "The status field retains covered/partial/none for compatibility. It names claim links, never successful verification. Use claim_status and status_label for presentation."
  },
  "filters": {
    "prover": "",
    "onsite": "",
    "coop": "",
    "chips": "",
    "ready": "",
    "tested": "",
    "hide": []
  },
  "mechanisms_passing_filters": 25,
  "claims": [],
  "mechanisms": [
    {
      "id": "M-0014",
      "title": "Bandwidth limits and compartmentalization",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/bandwidth-limits-and-compartmentalization/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "I-0010",
        "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/"
      },
      "selected_implementation": {
        "id": "I-0010",
        "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/"
      },
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R1",
        "scope": "the operator's own weight security, with no outside verification described",
        "confidence": "low",
        "evidence": [
          "S-1510"
        ]
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "semi-trusted",
        "hardware_requirement": "retrofit-device",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "unknown",
        "io": "unknown",
        "training": "unknown",
        "note": "This Explorer has no asset-specific exposure assessment for this implementation. Check its source and deployment assumptions.",
        "sources": []
      },
      "family_finding_context": [
        {
          "n": 1,
          "title": "Low-communication training reduces the bandwidth training needs",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "DiLoCo matched fully synchronous training on 8 workers while communicating 500 times less. Rahman writes that this family of methods theoretically allows large-scale training with less than 100 Mbps. Lucid includes these methods in its bounds, but notes that extreme activation compression, architectures with unusually small inter-layer widths, or modular paradigms could erode the margin.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-1314",
            "S-0060",
            "S-1301"
          ],
          "record": "M-0014",
          "represented_by": []
        },
        {
          "n": 2,
          "title": "Operator control of pod routing collapses the bound",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "Lucid's analysis finds that if the operator can freely assign pods to routers, it could dedicate a whole cell of 100 or more pods to one pipeline stage. The bound then falls to about 90–220x uncompressed and as low as about 25x with compression. The proposed mitigation, auditor-controlled random assignment that is periodically re-randomized, has not been implemented.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-1301"
          ],
          "record": "M-0014",
          "represented_by": []
        },
        {
          "n": 3,
          "title": "Undeclared local storage raises per-pod capacity",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "More memory or storage per pod helps an adversary. Lucid requires per-pod storage to be declared, capped and physically inspected.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-1301"
          ],
          "record": "M-0014",
          "represented_by": []
        },
        {
          "n": 4,
          "title": "Training within one pod is not covered",
          "kind": "open-question",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "Lucid's bounds concern pre-training models larger than the pods are sized for. Training models that fit in one pod, fine-tuning and reinforcement-learning post-training within one pod are outside the modelled threat.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-1301"
          ],
          "record": "M-0014",
          "represented_by": []
        },
        {
          "n": 5,
          "title": "Parallel scale-up switches are hard enforcement points",
          "kind": "theoretical-argument",
          "severity": "significant",
          "status": "open",
          "evidence_scope": null,
          "scope_note": null,
          "related_finding": null,
          "description": "In GB200 topologies, GPUs reach GPUs in other nodes through NVSwitches without a NIC on the path. Amodo notes that limits are hard to enforce there because many switches work in parallel, so compromising one or two would bypass the limit.",
          "response": null,
          "sources": [
            "S-1313"
          ],
          "record": "M-0014",
          "represented_by": []
        }
      ],
      "filter_issues": []
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0009",
      "title": "Hardware-enabled guarantees (flexHEG) and guarantee processors",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/flexheg-guarantee-processors/",
      "assessment_record": {
        "id": "M-0009",
        "title": "Hardware-enabled guarantees (flexHEG) and guarantee processors",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/flexheg-guarantee-processors/"
      },
      "selected_implementation": null,
      "readiness": {
        "level": "R1",
        "scope": "checking and enforcing training-compute limits on chips, against adversaries up to states",
        "confidence": "medium",
        "evidence": [
          "S-0035",
          "S-1204",
          "S-1205",
          "S-0057",
          "S-0056",
          "S-0006"
        ]
      },
      "assessed_properties": {
        "threat_model": "adversarial",
        "hardware_requirement": "new-chip",
        "prover_cooperation": "required",
        "adversarial_evaluation": "analysis"
      },
      "claims": [],
      "exposure": {
        "weights": "hidden",
        "io": "hidden",
        "training": "hidden",
        "note": "The guarantee processor sees the chip's traffic inside a sealed enclosure and reports only whether rules were kept."
      },
      "family_finding_context": [],
      "filter_issues": []
    }
  ],
  "strengths": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0009"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [],
    "mitigated": [],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "properties": {
    "covered": [],
    "production": [],
    "adversarial": [
      "M-0009"
    ],
    "noNewHardware": [],
    "mitigated": [],
    "notCounted": []
  },
  "attack_testing": [
    {
      "id": "M-0014",
      "record": "I-0010",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "evaluation": "analysis",
      "in_setting": true
    }
  ],
  "selected_implementations": {
    "M-0014": "I-0010"
  },
  "weaknesses": {
    "gaps": [],
    "excluded": [],
    "unlinked": [],
    "critical": [],
    "significant": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 1,
        "title": "Everything rests on the trusted setup",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Reference measurements for model weights and reference data are established in a trusted setup phase. The report states that the system cannot detect compromise that happened before ingestion if the trusted setup itself is compromised.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "record": "I-0010"
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 1,
        "title": "State attackers can likely defeat current secure enclosures",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The flexHEG authors write that \"nation-state attackers can likely compromise the best current secure enclosures\", and that the marginal cost of circumvention per device is hard to estimate. RAND similarly judges that anti-tamper measures \"would not be insurmountable for a determined and well-resourced adversary\", although they raise costs and can reveal tampering.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1204",
          "S-0057"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 2,
        "title": "Firmware-only retrofits rely on Secure Boot, which fault injection can bypass",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Part II notes that the most common attack on Secure Boot replaces the firmware and applies a voltage glitch while the signature is being checked. It also notes that sophisticated actors may use microprobing or laser voltage probing to read key registers.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1204"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 3,
        "title": "Many important rules cannot be checked on-chip",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Malicious intent \"is not a technical property observable on-chip\", and misuse depends on what is done with a computation's results. A guarantee processor cannot easily tell whether a network is the whole system or one expert in a mixture-of-experts system. Part III judges that a fully local ruleset \"may not be entirely feasible\" for the same reason.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0035",
          "S-1205"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 4,
        "title": "FLOP accounting can be laundered through external data",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Results of earlier or parallel workloads could be hidden in the \"external data\" fed to a device, which would falsify the total FLOP count unless the inputs are explained or time delays are imposed.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1204"
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 5,
        "title": "Supply-chain diversion and hidden backdoors",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Components could be diverted before a guarantee processor is added, and backdoors could be introduced during design or manufacturing. Open-source designs and physical scans of randomly selected chips are proposed as countermeasures. Part III proposes international oversight of production and extensive testing of a random sample of finished devices.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1204",
          "S-1205"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0019",
            "how": "Records each chip's identity and owner from the fab onwards, which bears on diversion before a guarantee processor is fitted. It does not address hidden backdoors."
          }
        ]
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 6,
        "title": "Coverage stops at flexHEG-equipped chips",
        "kind": "open-question",
        "severity": "significant",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "Motivated actors will always be able to use some compute that is not flexHEG-equipped. Recalling existing consumer GPUs would likely be impractical, and reaching perfect coverage, or conclusively proving that no secret government data centres exist, would be \"practically quite difficult\".",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0035",
          "S-1205"
        ],
        "helps": [
          {
            "by": "M-0019",
            "how": "Accounts for which chips exist and who holds them."
          },
          {
            "by": "M-0020",
            "how": "Looks for undeclared facilities that hold other chips."
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "criticalMechanisms": [],
    "significantMechanisms": [
      "M-0014",
      "M-0009"
    ],
    "familyContext": [
      {
        "id": "M-0014",
        "implementation": "I-0010",
        "flaws": [
          {
            "n": 1,
            "title": "Low-communication training reduces the bandwidth training needs",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "DiLoCo matched fully synchronous training on 8 workers while communicating 500 times less. Rahman writes that this family of methods theoretically allows large-scale training with less than 100 Mbps. Lucid includes these methods in its bounds, but notes that extreme activation compression, architectures with unusually small inter-layer widths, or modular paradigms could erode the margin.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-1314",
              "S-0060",
              "S-1301"
            ],
            "record": "M-0014",
            "represented_by": []
          },
          {
            "n": 2,
            "title": "Operator control of pod routing collapses the bound",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "Lucid's analysis finds that if the operator can freely assign pods to routers, it could dedicate a whole cell of 100 or more pods to one pipeline stage. The bound then falls to about 90–220x uncompressed and as low as about 25x with compression. The proposed mitigation, auditor-controlled random assignment that is periodically re-randomized, has not been implemented.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-1301"
            ],
            "record": "M-0014",
            "represented_by": []
          },
          {
            "n": 3,
            "title": "Undeclared local storage raises per-pod capacity",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "More memory or storage per pod helps an adversary. Lucid requires per-pod storage to be declared, capped and physically inspected.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-1301"
            ],
            "record": "M-0014",
            "represented_by": []
          },
          {
            "n": 4,
            "title": "Training within one pod is not covered",
            "kind": "open-question",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "Lucid's bounds concern pre-training models larger than the pods are sized for. Training models that fit in one pod, fine-tuning and reinforcement-learning post-training within one pod are outside the modelled threat.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-1301"
            ],
            "record": "M-0014",
            "represented_by": []
          },
          {
            "n": 5,
            "title": "Parallel scale-up switches are hard enforcement points",
            "kind": "theoretical-argument",
            "severity": "significant",
            "status": "open",
            "evidence_scope": null,
            "scope_note": null,
            "related_finding": null,
            "description": "In GB200 topologies, GPUs reach GPUs in other nodes through NVSwitches without a NIC on the path. Amodo notes that limits are hard to enforce there because many switches work in parallel, so compromising one or two would bypass the limit.",
            "response": null,
            "sources": [
              "S-1313"
            ],
            "record": "M-0014",
            "represented_by": []
          }
        ]
      }
    ],
    "minor": 1,
    "minorFindings": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 2,
        "title": "Security weakens over long operation",
        "kind": "theoretical-argument",
        "severity": "minor",
        "status": "open",
        "evidence_scope": null,
        "scope_note": null,
        "related_finding": null,
        "description": "The authors claim that the facility can withstand attacks at the OC5 level for a five-year operational period. They expect its ability to withstand long OC5 campaigns to become less robust the longer the facility remains in operation.",
        "response": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "record": "I-0010"
      }
    ],
    "minorBy": [
      {
        "id": "M-0014",
        "n": 1
      }
    ],
    "notDemonstrated": [
      "M-0014",
      "M-0009"
    ],
    "newChip": [
      "M-0009"
    ]
  },
  "findings": [
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "I-0010",
      "n": 1,
      "title": "Everything rests on the trusted setup",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Reference measurements for model weights and reference data are established in a trusted setup phase. The report states that the system cannot detect compromise that happened before ingestion if the trusted setup itself is compromised.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1510"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0014",
      "record": "I-0010",
      "n": 2,
      "title": "Security weakens over long operation",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "minor",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "The authors claim that the facility can withstand attacks at the OC5 level for a five-year operational period. They expect its ability to withstand long OC5 campaigns to become less robust the longer the facility remains in operation.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1510"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 1,
      "title": "State attackers can likely defeat current secure enclosures",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "The flexHEG authors write that \"nation-state attackers can likely compromise the best current secure enclosures\", and that the marginal cost of circumvention per device is hard to estimate. RAND similarly judges that anti-tamper measures \"would not be insurmountable for a determined and well-resourced adversary\", although they raise costs and can reveal tampering.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1204",
        "S-0057"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 2,
      "title": "Firmware-only retrofits rely on Secure Boot, which fault injection can bypass",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
      "status": "open",
      "evidence_scope": null,
      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Part II notes that the most common attack on Secure Boot replaces the firmware and applies a voltage glitch while the signature is being checked. It also notes that sophisticated actors may use microprobing or laser voltage probing to read key registers.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1204"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 3,
      "title": "Many important rules cannot be checked on-chip",
      "kind": "theoretical-argument",
      "severity": "significant",
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      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Malicious intent \"is not a technical property observable on-chip\", and misuse depends on what is done with a computation's results. A guarantee processor cannot easily tell whether a network is the whole system or one expert in a mixture-of-experts system. Part III judges that a fully local ruleset \"may not be entirely feasible\" for the same reason.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0035",
        "S-1205"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 4,
      "title": "FLOP accounting can be laundered through external data",
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      "description": "Results of earlier or parallel workloads could be hidden in the \"external data\" fed to a device, which would falsify the total FLOP count unless the inputs are explained or time delays are imposed.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1204"
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 5,
      "title": "Supply-chain diversion and hidden backdoors",
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      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Components could be diverted before a guarantee processor is added, and backdoors could be introduced during design or manufacturing. Open-source designs and physical scans of randomly selected chips are proposed as countermeasures. Part III proposes international oversight of production and extensive testing of a random sample of finished devices.",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-1204",
        "S-1205"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0019",
          "how": "Records each chip's identity and owner from the fab onwards, which bears on diversion before a guarantee processor is fitted. It does not address hidden backdoors."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mech": "M-0009",
      "record": "M-0009",
      "n": 6,
      "title": "Coverage stops at flexHEG-equipped chips",
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      "scope_note": null,
      "related_finding": null,
      "description": "Motivated actors will always be able to use some compute that is not flexHEG-equipped. Recalling existing consumer GPUs would likely be impractical, and reaching perfect coverage, or conclusively proving that no secret government data centres exist, would be \"practically quite difficult\".",
      "response": null,
      "sources": [
        "S-0035",
        "S-1205"
      ],
      "helps": [
        {
          "by": "M-0019",
          "how": "Accounts for which chips exist and who holds them."
        },
        {
          "by": "M-0020",
          "how": "Looks for undeclared facilities that hold other chips."
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
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    {
      "id": "M-0019",
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          "kind": "flaw",
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          "title": "Supply-chain diversion and hidden backdoors",
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        },
        {
          "kind": "flaw",
          "mech": "M-0009",
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          "title": "Coverage stops at flexHEG-equipped chips",
          "severity": "significant",
          "how": "Accounts for which chips exist and who holds them."
        },
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0009",
          "text": "Governing all relevant chips depends on knowing where they are, through chip registries and detection of undeclared facilities."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0020",
      "title": "Remote detection of data centres",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/remote-detection-of-data-centres/",
      "readiness": "R1",
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "flaw",
          "mech": "M-0009",
          "n": 6,
          "title": "Coverage stops at flexHEG-equipped chips",
          "severity": "significant",
          "how": "Looks for undeclared facilities that hold other chips."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0017",
      "title": "Tamper evidence for verifier devices",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tamper-evidence-for-verifier-devices/",
      "readiness": "R2",
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "blocker",
          "mech": "M-0009",
          "text": "State-level attackers who hold the hardware can likely compromise the best current secure enclosures."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0012",
      "title": "Model identity attestation",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/model-identity-attestation/",
      "readiness": "R3",
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "prerequisite",
          "mech": "M-0014"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "M-0008",
      "title": "TEE remote attestation for AI workloads",
      "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/mechanisms/tee-remote-attestation/",
      "readiness": "R3",
      "fits_filters": true,
      "filter_issues": [],
      "reasons": [
        {
          "kind": "prerequisite",
          "mech": "M-0009"
        }
      ]
    }
  ],
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    "prerequisites": [
      {
        "id": "M-0012",
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          "M-0014"
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "M-0008",
        "neededBy": [
          "M-0009"
        ]
      },
      {
        "id": "M-0019",
        "neededBy": [
          "M-0009"
        ]
      }
    ],
    "shared": [],
    "blockers": [
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 1,
        "text": "No prototype exists; RAND recommends prototyping key security features and integration now.",
        "theme": "adversarial-validation",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 2,
        "text": "The report describes internal integrity checks, audit logging and accreditation, but no way for a party outside the operator to verify the facility's properties.",
        "theme": "access-governance",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 3,
        "text": "Human review of every prompt and response makes each request take three to five minutes, with the review steps as the rate-limiting factor.",
        "theme": "performance-compatibility",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0014",
        "n": 4,
        "text": "Detailed design information is withheld from the public report and is to be evaluated privately with stakeholders, which limits independent public scrutiny.",
        "theme": "access-governance",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1510"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 1,
        "text": "Integrated flexHEG needs substantial help from the accelerator manufacturer, and the authors estimate 3.7–7.9 years, from when the manufacturer starts work, for such hardware to displace other accelerators in frontier development.",
        "theme": "access-governance",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1204"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 2,
        "text": "State-level attackers who hold the hardware can likely compromise the best current secure enclosures.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": "M-0017",
        "sources": [
          "S-1204",
          "S-0057"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 3,
        "text": "Rival states would need to trust the design and manufacture of guarantee processors and enclosures, for example through open design, redundant processors from each side or oversight of production.",
        "theme": "hardware-trust",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-1205",
          "S-0035"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 4,
        "text": "Restricting future rule updates would need a formal language for rules, which the authors judge most likely infeasible for early flexHEG versions.",
        "theme": "protocol-soundness",
        "blocked_by": null,
        "sources": [
          "S-0035"
        ],
        "inProposal": null
      },
      {
        "mech": "M-0009",
        "n": 5,
        "text": "Governing all relevant chips depends on knowing where they are, through chip registries and detection of undeclared facilities.",
        "theme": "coverage-hidden-compute",
        "blocked_by": "M-0019",
        "sources": [
          "S-1205"
        ],
        "inProposal": false
      }
    ]
  },
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    "weights": {
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      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [
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      "none": [],
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        "M-0014"
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    },
    "io": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [
        "M-0009"
      ],
      "none": [],
      "unknown": [
        "M-0014"
      ]
    },
    "training": {
      "shown": [],
      "partial": [],
      "hidden": [
        "M-0009"
      ],
      "none": [],
      "unknown": [
        "M-0014"
      ]
    }
  },
  "implementations": [
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0014",
      "selected": {
        "id": "I-0010",
        "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
        "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/"
      },
      "implementations": [
        {
          "id": "I-0011",
          "title": "AI 2040 inference-only verification stack",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/ai-2040-inference-only-verification-plan/"
        },
        {
          "id": "I-0010",
          "title": "RAND secure inference data center (SIDC) design",
          "url": "https://trustbutveri.fyi/implementations/rand-secure-inference-data-centers/"
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "mechanism": "M-0009",
      "selected": null,
      "implementations": []
    }
  ],
  "sources": [
    {
      "id": "S-1510",
      "title": "Highly Secure Inference Data Centers: A Vertically Integrated Strategy for Security Engineering",
      "authors": "S. F. Comer et al.",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA4827-1.html",
      "path": "/sources/comer-highly-secure-inference-data-centers/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1314",
      "title": "DiLoCo: Distributed Low-Communication Training of Language Models",
      "authors": "A. Douillard et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2311.08105",
      "path": "/sources/douillard-diloco/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0060",
      "title": "Does Distributed Training Undermine Compute Governance?",
      "authors": "R. Rahman",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.29359",
      "path": "/sources/rahman-distributed-training-compute-governance/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1301",
      "title": "Traffic Shaping for Workload Classification",
      "authors": "Lucid Computing",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://lucidcomputing.substack.com/p/traffic-shaping-for-workload-classification",
      "path": "/sources/lucid-traffic-shaping-workload-classification/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1313",
      "title": "The Tray as a Bandwidth Boundary",
      "authors": "Amodo Design",
      "year": 2026,
      "url": "https://amododesign.com/notes/2026-03-16-dpu-bandwidth-limiter/",
      "path": "/sources/amodo-tray-bandwidth-boundary/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0035",
      "title": "Flexible Hardware-Enabled Guarantees for AI Compute",
      "authors": "J. Petrie et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15093",
      "path": "/sources/petrie-flexible-hardware-enabled-guarantees/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1204",
      "title": "Technical Options for Flexible Hardware-Enabled Guarantees",
      "authors": "J. Petrie & O. Aarne",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.03409",
      "path": "/sources/petrie-technical-options-flexheg/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-1205",
      "title": "International Security Applications of Flexible Hardware-Enabled Guarantees",
      "authors": "O. Aarne & J. Petrie",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2506.15100",
      "path": "/sources/aarne-international-security-applications-flexheg/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0057",
      "title": "Hardware-Enabled Governance Mechanisms: Developing Technical Solutions to Exempt Items Otherwise Classified Under Export Control Classification Numbers 3A090 and 4A090",
      "authors": "G. Kulp et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.rand.org/pubs/working_papers/WRA3056-1.html",
      "path": "/sources/kulp-hardware-enabled-governance-mechanisms/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0056",
      "title": "Secure, Governable Chips: Using On-Chip Mechanisms to Manage National Security Risks from AI & Advanced Computing",
      "authors": "O. Aarne et al.",
      "year": 2024,
      "url": "https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/secure-governable-chips",
      "path": "/sources/aarne-secure-governable-chips/"
    },
    {
      "id": "S-0006",
      "title": "Hardware-Enabled Mechanisms for Verifying Responsible AI Development",
      "authors": "A. O'Gara et al.",
      "year": 2025,
      "url": "https://arxiv.org/abs/2505.03742",
      "path": "/sources/ogara-hardware-enabled-verifying-responsible-ai/"
    }
  ]
}