Compute stock is at most a declared amount
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Sources
- BY. Shavit (2023). What does it take to catch a Chinchilla? Verifying Rules on Large-Scale Neural Network Training via Compute Monitoring. arXiv. Source recordSupports: supply-chain monitoring to prevent amassing untracked chips; chip owner directory, sampled inspection and chain of custody; many existing chips lack features and may not be locatable · abstract; §3; §5
- BG. Sastry et al. (2024). Computing Power and the Governance of Artificial Intelligence. arXiv. Source recordSupports: compute is detectable, excludable and quantifiable with a concentrated supply chain; international chip registry listed; algorithmic progress and decentralised training · abstract; §§ on properties of compute and visibility mechanisms; limitations
- BA. Scher et al. (2025). An International Agreement to Prevent the Premature Creation of Artificial Superintelligence. Machine Intelligence Research Institute. Source recordSupports: chip consolidation into monitored facilities; >16 H100-equivalents only in monitored facilities; methods for locating chips; production monitoring · §4; Articles V–VI (as summarised)
- BA. Scher & L. Thiergart (2025). Mechanisms to Verify International Agreements About AI Development. arXiv. Source recordSupports: millions of AI-relevant chips without central tracking; locate chips early then keep them monitored · Verifying the location of AI compute
- BA. R. Wasil et al. (2024). Verification methods for international AI agreements. arXiv. Source recordSupports: customs data, financial intelligence and fab inspections; limits and evasions (domestic manufacture, older chips); chip location tracking limited to new chips · Verification methods; Table 1; Figures 2–4
- BM. Baker et al. (2025). Verifying International Agreements on AI: Six Layers of Verification for Rules on Large-Scale AI Development and Deployment. RAND Corporation. Source recordSupports: large-scale defined as computing power of thousands of high-end AI chips under a single entity · §2.2
- CEpoch AI (2025). Introducing the Frontier Data Centers Hub. Epoch AI. Source recordSupports: power capacity of known large data centres inferred from visible cooling equipment · methodology
- BG. Kulp et al. (2024). Hardware-Enabled Governance Mechanisms: Developing Technical Solutions to Exempt Items Otherwise Classified Under Export Control Classification Numbers 3A090 and 4A090. RAND Corporation. Source recordSupports: offline licensing: a renewable licence grants a compute budget, after which the chip refuses or slows the relevant operations · p. viii